HISTORY  OF  PHARMACY  IN  RUSSIA. 
165 
cells  begin  to  exhibit  distinct  colors.  The  inner  thin  layer  of 
the  cells  is  now  found  to  be  of  a  lively  violet  color,  and  like- 
wise in  the  thick  swollen  cell-membrane  itself  by  thin  layers 
more  or  less  intensely  violet-colored,  and  separated  from  each 
other  by  thick,  uncolored,  gelatinous  layers,  are  apparent.  The 
outer  of  these  colored  layers  are  often  rent,  in  which  case  the 
uncolored  gelatinous  substance  has  partly  forced  itself  through 
the  rents  and  become  mixed  with  the  mucilaginous  substance  in 
which  the  cells  lie  imbedded.  On  account  of  this  partial  solution 
of  the  outer  cell-layers,  the  size  of  the  cells,  the  diameter  of 
which  is  about  0;//.07,  cannot  be  accurately  determined,  and  many 
of  the  torn-loose  pieces  of  the  cell  layers  colored  violet  by 
iodine  are  irregularly  distributed  in  the  amorphous  mucilaginous 
mass. 
In  vermiform  tragacanth  the  cells  were  far  less  perfectly  pre- 
served, and  the  amorphous  mucilage  in  which  membranes  and 
starch  granules  of  a  paler  or  darker  violet  color  were  scattered, 
constituted  a  relatively  larger  portion  of  the  entire  mass. 
Still  less  frequently  occur  well-preserved  remains  of  cells  in 
the  yellowish  nodular  tragacanth  of  Syria,  in  which  moreover 
the  abundance  of  starch  granules  is  far  more  considerable,  and 
the  granules  themselves  larger  in  size  and  frequently  united 
into  compound  grains. 
To  be  continued. 
HISTORY  OF  PHARMACY  IN  RUSSIA.  * 
By  Prof.  Dr.  C.  Claus  of  Dorpat. 
The  first  and  at  that  time  only  apothecary  in  Russia  was  an 
Englishman,  James  Frenkham,  who  together  with  physicians  had 
been  sent  by  Queen  Elizabeth  to  Czar  Ivan  Wasiliewich  IV. 
about  the  year  1584.  Previous  to  that  time,  medicine  and 
pharmacy  were  practised  by  priests  and  monks,  and  also  by 
*  This  was  the  subject  of  an  address,  delivered  by  Prof.  Claus  in  1853 
in  the  "  aula"  of  the  University  of  Dorpat,  and  subsequently  published  in 
the  "  Inland,"  a  periodical  little  known  outside  of  Russia.  The  author 
revised  and  republished  it  in  Wittstein's  Vierteljahresschrift.  1838,  p.  502 — 
527.  The  above  paper  is  an  abridgement  of  this  latter  paper  by  Mr.  John 
M.  Maisch  of  Philadelphia.  —  Ed.  Am.  Jour.  Ph. 
