166 
HISTORY  OF  PHARMACY  IN  RUSSIA. 
women,  who  attended  chiefly  to  diseases  of  women  and  children. 
Czar  Michael  Feodorowich  found  the  "Apothecaries  Board," 
the  first  medical  office  in  Russia,  entrusted  with  the  regulation 
of  all  medical  affairs  ;  he  induced  many  foreign  physicians  to 
emigrate  to  Russia,  and  furnished  the  army  with  field  apothe- 
cary's shops  containing  about  25  medicaments. 
Alexei  Michailowich  opened  a  second  apothecary's  store  in 
Moscow,  and  began  to  collect  roots  and  herbs  in  the  country  in- 
stead of  having  them  imported  from  England  ;  he  had  three 
large  botanical  gardens  planted  in  the  neighborhood  of  Moscow, 
and  ordered  the  woiwods  to  pay  part  of  the  taxes  in  medicinal 
plants  from  the  interior.  The  third  imperial  store  was  opened 
in  Wologda,  and  Feodor,  the  brother  of  Peter  I.,  built  the  first 
hospital  in  Moscow,  connecting  therewith  a  surgical  college  for 
native  physicians. 
During  the  reign  of  Peter  the  Great,  eight  private  drug  stores 
were  opened  till  1712,  and  imperial  stores  in  Riga,  Reval,  Kasan 
and  other  cities.  Peter  founded  in  Petersburg  the  land  and 
sea  hospitals,  together  with  a  college  for  army  surgeons,  in 
Lubna,  the  great  field  drug  store  from  which  all  the  smaller  ones 
were  furnished  with  medicines,  and  the  large  prescription  store 
which  is  still  in  existence  in  St.  Petersburg,  from  which  poor 
civil  and  military  officers  receive  their  medicine  gratis.  During 
the  reign  of  Anna,  Elizabeth  and  Catharine  II.,  the  number  of 
drug  stores  increased  considerably  in  both  capitals,  but  in  less 
proportion  in  the  provincial  towns  where  the  government  was 
obliged  to  establish  stores  for  the  accommodation  of  the  people, 
and  of  late  it  was  found  necessary  to  place  impediments  in  the 
way  of  obtaining  licenses  for  the  cities  so  as  to  force  pharma- 
ceutists to  the  smaller  country  towns.  Within  270  years  the 
number  of  pharmaceutical  stores  was  increased  from  1  to  near 
700  (Poland  excluded,)  of  which  at  last  two-thirds  were  estab- 
lished in  this  century. 
The  furniture  of  the  first  crown  stores  was  imported  from 
England  and  made  of  costly  polished  woods,  the  bottles  of  cut 
crystal-glass  with  covers  of  massive  silver;  among  the  medicines 
were  pearls  and  precious  stones,  bezoardicum  solare,  a  powdered 
gold  perfumed  with  amber,  &c.  The  price  of  some  Russian 
drugs  at  that  and  the  present  time  compares  as  follows  :  Musk 
V 
