HISTORY  OF  PHARMACY  IN  RUSSIA. 
167 
per  lb.  12  to  24  rubels,  now  300  r.;  Castor  1  r.  50  cop.  to  2  r. 
50  cop.,  now  200  to  250  r.;  Rhubarb  per  pud  20  r.;  now  120  r. 
A  special  officer  with  several  clerks  has  charged  with  the 
supervision  of  the  stores,  the  regulation  of  the  income  and  the 
expenses  ;  the  apothecaries  had  only  to  prepare  and  deliver  the 
medicines,  attend  alternately  to  the  business,  and  were  subject 
to  a  strict  discipline  and  control.  Some  of  them  were  called 
alchymists  ;  they  were  probably  proprietors  of  formulas  for 
popular  nostrums.  The  salary  of  the  apothecaries  was  con- 
siderable for  that  time — -300  to  360  rubels  ;  it  was  larger  than 
that  of  the  court  surgeons,  but  less  than  the  physicans',  which 
reached  500  or  600  rubels  ;  or  in  lieu  of  a  part  thereof  board 
and  liquors  from  the  Court.  The  Court  apothecaries  had  to  be 
present  at  the  examination  of  physicians  soliciting  an  appoint- 
ment, and  to  sign  the  diplomas  of  physicians  who  had  graduated 
in  Russia.  The  first  work  in  the  Russian  language  treating  on 
medicine,  pharmacy  and  natural  history,  entitled  Oure-booJc,  was 
a  manuscript  of  1560  folio  pages  with  illustrations  of  plants, 
animals  and  minerals  ;  it  was  translated  from  the  Polish,  in  1588 
the  original  of  which  was  a  Latin  work  ;  several  copies  were 
preserved  in  Moskow  up  to  1812,  since  which  time  they  have  not 
been  found. 
With  the  foundation  of  St.  Petersburg  the  emigration  of 
physicians  and  apothecaries  into  Russia  commenced,  and  new 
life  was  thus  infused  by  the  establishment  of  private  drug  stores, 
so  that  under  the  reign  of  Elizabeth  Petrowna,  we  meet  in 
John  (j.  Model  with  the  first  pharmaceutical  author,  who  was 
looked  upon  as  the  first  chemical  authority  in  Russia,  and  whose 
periodical  « Chymische  Nebenstunden,"  (Chemical  Leisure 
Hours,)  was  translated  into  French.  The  Academy  of  Sciences 
of  St.Petersburg  opened  in  1725,  and  the  first  Russian  University, 
founded  in  1755,  had  a  most  salutary  influence  on  the  progress 
of  pharmacy,  as  had  also  the  surgical  institute  of  St.  Petersburg, 
where  the  lectures  were  delivered  in  German;  to  those  of  phar- 
maceutical interest  were  invited  the  young  pharmaceutists  of 
the  private  establishments.  Previously,  by  command  of  Catha- 
rina  II.,  several  medical  works  were  translated  into  Russian,  in 
which  language  also  some  original  works  appeared.  The  first 
Russian  Dispensatory  was  published  in  1765,  the  second  edition 
