200 
Photography. 
J  Am.  Jour.  Pharm 
I      April,  1889. 
out.  This  is  accounted  for,  however,  by  supposing  that  the  light  emitted  by 
these  nebulae  is  extremely  rich  in  chemical  or  actinic  rays. 
A  grand  international  scheme  has  just  been  concluded  with  the  object  of 
a  true  stellar  map  of  the  entire  universe.  To  this  end  photographic  appar- 
atus has  been  set  up  in  the  different  observatories  throughout  the  world. 
By  the  Act  of  Parliament  of  1871  for  the  prevention  of  crime,  all  criminals 
were  ordered  to  be  photographed  during  their  incarceration.  Some  of  them 
occasionally  object  to  the  process,  and  amusing  incidents  are  related  of  the 
various  "  dodges  "  employed  by  the  operators  in  securing  negatives  of  the 
refractory  and  unwilling  sitters. 
In  military  operations  its  importance  has  not  been  overlooked,  and  a  reg- 
ular staff  of  photographers  is  kept  at  Shoeburyness. 
In  conjunction  with  the  microscope,  or  photomicrography,  good  results 
have  also  been  obtained,  and  it  is  even  stated  that  "sharp  "  microphoto- 
graphs  have  been  secured  of  the  ever  changing  amceba. 
But  one  great  problem  still  remains  unsolved.  I  refer  to  photography  in 
natural  colors,  or  heliochromy.  Many  great  workers  have  attempted  to  dis- 
cover some  method  or  means  of  attaining  this,  but  hitherto  it  has  eluded 
their  grasp. 
As  the  advent  of  photography  dealt  a  death  blow  to  the  miniature  portrait 
painting,  which  was  so  much  in  vogue  at  the  time,  it  is  almost  certain  that 
this  branch,  if  ever  brought  to  perfection,  will  finish  the  work  the  other  be- 
gun, as  the  pictures  so  produced  would  be  true  to  nature  in  all  her  beauty 
and  perfect  in  every  detail,  and  the  different  schools  of  landscape  painters 
would  sink  into  nothingness  before  the  faithful  reproductions  of  nature  her- 
self. 
In  attempting  to  treat  a  subject  of  such  vast  extent  as  photography  in  a 
short  paper  like  this,  much  interesting  detail  has  of  necessity  been  omitted, 
and  many  very  recent  improvements  perforce  excluded.  As  stated  at  the 
commencement,  the  object  throughout  has  been  to  confine  the  mar:er 
chiefly  to  the  requirements  of  the  beginner,  enabling  him  to  add  another 
charm  to  his  existence,  to  fully  realize  that  a  thing  of  beauty  is  a  joy  for 
ever,  to  redouble  the  pleasure  of  his  annual  holidays  and  keep  them  ever 
green  by  bringing  back  true  representations  of  the  most  striking  views  and 
beauty  spots  encountered  during  his  tour,  or  the  features  of  friends  far  dis- 
tant, whom  he  may  have  visited.  At  the  same  time,  as  much  attention  as 
possible  has  been  given  to  the  science  of  the  subject,  and  throughout  I  have 
given  those  processes  only  which  have  always  answered  well  in  my  own 
hands,  and  which  I  strongly  advise  the  intending  beginner  to  thoroughly 
master  before  trying  any  of  the  manjT  new  suggestions. 
Potassium  chloro-platinate  and  the  salts  of  ferric  oxalate  are  now  being 
largely  used  in  the  different  methods  of  platinum  printing,  which  seems  to 
be  rapidly  growing  in  favor.  For  comparison,  I  have  here  two  specimens 
of  this  process ;  one,  on  the  ordinary  platinotype  ;  the  other,  on  Pizzighelli's 
platina  paper,  so  that  you  may  judge  for  yourselves. 
A  great  deal  of  attention  is  being  paid  at  the  present  time  to  orthochro- 
matic  photography,  and  already  some  are  beginning  to  use  these  plates 
