Amlprif 1889™' }    Pharmaceutical  Colleges  and  Associations.  205 
iously  used  for  an  acrid  substance  may  be  so  changed  in  taste  as  to  alarm 
customers  and  make  them  suppose  a  mistake  had  been  made ;  digesting 
acids  in  the  mortars  had  been  tried,  but  even  that  had  failed  to  remedy  the 
trouble.  To  prevent  such  annoyance  it  was  recommended  to  have  certain 
mortars  that  should  be  used  only  for  acrid  powders.    On  motion  adjourned. 
T.  S.  Wiegand, 
Registrar. 
PHARMACEUTICAL  COLLEGES  AND  ASSOCIATIONS. 
Philadelphia  College  of  Pharmacy. — The  examinations  of  the  junior  students 
were  held  November  10th,  December  8th,  and  February  14th,  the  questions 
in  the  different  branches  being  as  follows  : 
BOTANY  AND  MATERIA  MEDICA. 
1.  — What  is  a  root  ?  How  does  it  grow  in  length  ?  What  are  adventitious 
roots  ?  Give  some  account  of  biennial  roots.  Name  one  or  more  perennial 
herbs,  and  state  which  part  of  these  plants  is  perennial,  and  from  which 
part  the  overground  stems  grow. 
2.  — Define  parenchyma,  and  illustrate  by  drawings  some  of  its  different 
forms.  What  are  stone  cells?  Give  an  example.  WThat  is  cork,  and  where 
is  it  formed  ?  How  are  ducts  formed ;  how  are  they  marked,  and  with  what 
other  cells  are  they  usually  associated? 
3.  — What  is  a  leaf?  Describe,  commencing  with  the  upper  surface,  the 
different  tissues  of  a  leaf,  giving  for  each  tissue  the  kinds  of  cells  and  their 
arrangement.  What  other  plant  organs  are  leaves  in  a  modified  form  ? 
Describe  briefly  for  each  of  these  organs  the  nature  of  the  modification. 
4.  — Explain  by  description  and  sketches  the  arrangement  of  fibro vascular 
tissue,  both  for  monocotyledons  and  dicotyledons,  in  the  root ;  in  the 
stem,  and  in  the  leaf. 
5.  — Give  the  botanical  characters  of  the  order  of  Labiatse.  Name  the 
plants  yielding  Peppermint  and  Spearmint.  By  what  characters  may  the  two 
plants  be  distinguished  ?  From  which  of  these  two  plants  and  in  what  man- 
ner is  menthol  obtained  ? 
6.  — Name  one  or  more  officinal  drugs  obtained  from  each  of  the  following 
orders :  Geraniaceae,  Umbelliferse,  Loganiacese,  Solanacese.  Which  of  the 
drugs  named  by  you  contain  poisonous  alkaloids  ? 
THEORY  AND  PRACTICE  OF  PHARMACY. 
1.  — Describe  the  Metric  System.  What  are  the  units?  How  were  they 
derived?  Why  is  it  sometimes  called  the  Decimal  System?  What  prefixes 
are  used  to  express  the  multiplication  or  division  of  the  units  ?  What  ad- 
vantages does  the  system  possess  over  all  others?  What  are  its  disad- 
vantages ? 
2.  — State  and  illustrate  the  different  principles  which  govern  the  evapora- 
tion of  liquids  at  or  above  the  boiling  point,  and  below  the  boiling  point. 
What  is  the  proper  shape  for  vessels  to  be  used  for  evaporation  below  the 
boiling  point? 
