''^™V)ct"'^i88r™'}     International  Pharmaceutical  Congress.  6 2^5 
case,  respectively,  as  far  as  practicable,  and  that  that  part  of  the  name 
of  each  preparation  shall  be  placed  lirst  which  refers  tosiich  constituent. 
With  the  consent  of  the  author,  the  paper  was  referred  to  the  commission 
proposed  to  be  appointed  on  the  International  Pharmacopoeia. 
The  same  course  was  taken  with  the  paper  on  The  Disadvantages  of 
Therapeutical  Conservatism  in  Reference  to  the  Pharmacopoeial  Materia 
Medica,  by  Prof.  O.  Oldberg,  in  whicli  the  ground  was  taken  that  a  phar- 
macopoeia should  liave  no  weight  as  a  purely  tlierapeutic  guide,  but  should 
include  all  substances  used  in  the  materia  medica  to  any  considerable- 
extent,  and  all  new  remedies  which  seem  to  j^ossess  therapeutic  value. 
Pharmaceutical  Education  was  the  next  subject  brought  forward,  when) 
Mr.  Ciar.  Brunnengraber  read  the  following  paper  on  pharmaceutical  edu- 
cation in  Germany  : 
Pharmaceutical  instruction  in  the  German  Empire  is  regulated  by  two- 
edicts  of  the  Imperial  Chancellor,  Prince  Bismarck  :  of  March  5,  1875^ 
"  Concerning  the  Examination  of  Pharmacists,"  and  of  November  13,  1875^ 
"Concerning  the  Examination  of  Pliarmacists'  Assistants." 
The  course  of  instruction  comprises  : 
(1)  .  The  School  Training.    There  is  required  either — 
(a).  The  qualification  certificate,  requisite  for  the  one  year's  volun- 
tary army  service,  from  a  recognized  school  in  which  Latin  is  a 
compulsory  subject;  or, 
(6).  The  certificate  of  fitness  for  entry  at  a  university. 
(2)  .  The  Apprenticeship,  This,  in  the  case  of  pu2:)ils  falling  under  [a)^ 
lasts  for  three  years,  and  of  those  under  (6)  two  years. 
(3)  .  The  Assistants^  Examination  takes  place,  upon  the  request  of  the- 
master  of  the  apprentice,  before  a  government  board  of  examiners,  con- 
sisting of  one  of  the  higher  medical  officials  and  two  pharmacists. 
(4)  .  The  Period  of  Service  as  an  Assistant  lasts  three  years,  and  at  least 
one-half  of  that  period  must  be  spent  in  a  German  pharmacy. 
(5)  .  The  Studi/  at  a  University  extends  over  at  least  three  sessions  {V> 
years),  and  comprises  general  and  pharmaceutical  chemistry,  general 
and  pharmaceutical  botany,  pharmacognosy,  qualitative  and  quanti- 
tative chemical  analysis  (including  poison  and  food  analysis)  and 
physics. 
(6)  .  The  State  Examination  is  undergone  before  one  of  the  twenty-three 
examination  conimissions,  each  consisting  of  a  professor  of  chemistry,, 
of  physics  and  of  botany,  and  two  pharmacists. 
As  in  the  course  of  time  it  had  become  manifest  from  the  practical  work- 
ing of  these  examination  regulations  that  many  points  in  them  require 
further  reform,  the  German  Pharmaceutical  Association,  in  1878,  appointed., 
a  committee  to  confer  upon  the  reform  of  pharmaceutical  education.  After 
this  committee  had  continued  its  labors  two  years,  as  described  in  twO" 
reports,  it  last  year  submitted  to  the  general  meeting  in  Breslau  proposi- 
tions for  reform,  and  it  was  resolyed  at  that  meeting  that  these  should  be- 
laid  before  the  Imperial  Chancellor,  and  recommended  to  his  consideration > 
These  suggestions  are  in  reference  to  : 
(1)  .  The  School  Training:  That  the  standard  should  be  raised  to  the 
level  of  producing  a  certificate  of  fitness  to  attend  a  university  by  all 
intending  to  devote  themselves  to  a  i)harmaceutical  career ;  or,  witli 
that,  if  possible,  the  official  declaration  of  the  equal  value  of  the  cer- 
tificate relating  to  tlie  assistant's  examination. 
(2)  .  The  Apprenticeship)  :  Would  then  last  only  two  years. 
(3)  .  T he  Study  at  the  University:  That  it  should  be  prolonged  over  at 
least  four  sessions  (2  years),  and  extended  to  microscopy,  mineralogy^ 
toxicology  and  zoology;  further,  that  those  pharnnacists  who  wished 
to  obtain  the  qualification  to  act  as  medical  and  sanitary  officials,  vis- 
