524  International  Pharmaceutical  Congress.  {^'^oc^\lsi^"'' 
itors  of  pliarmacies,  examiners  and  professors  of  pharmacy  should, 
after  a  furtlier  stay  of  at  least  two  sessions,  have  to  undergo  a  corres- 
ponding second  examination. 
A  communication  from  Professor  E.  Schaer,  of  Zurich,  makes  the  fol- 
lowing suggestions  : 
(1)  .  That  the  period  of  the  academical  studies  of  the  pharmacist  be  not 
shorter  than  two  years  (or  4  semesters),  and  further,  that  education 
essentially  pharmaceutical  be  in  the  hands  of  teachers  l)elonging  to 
the  pharmaceutical  profession, 
(2)  .  That  besides  the  general  knowledge  of  the  use  of  the  microscope 
and  microscopical  work  in  general  botany,  there  be  also  special  micro- 
scopical study  in  respect  to  pharmacology,  hj^gieiie  and  toxicology, 
and  tliat  pharmaceutical  examinations  be  made  to  include  this  kind  of 
knowledge,  as  is  already  the  case  in  several  States. 
(3)  .  That  the  "  A/sfor^  of  2)harmacf/  and  of  drugs  be  introduced  in  a 
more  or  less  official  way  into  the  studies  of  the  pharmacist,  either  in 
form  of  lectures  on  the  subject,  or,  as  regards  the  history  of  drugs  in 
connection  with  pharmacology,  in  the  way  followed  in  the  Pharmaco- 
graphia. 
<(4j.  That  in  order  to  facilitate  contact  between  the  medical  and  pharma- 
ceutical professions,  pharmaceutical  studies  should  be  supplementjed 
by  '''medical  toricologg  and  2:)hgsiologieal  chemistrjij''^  (including 
practical  laboratory  work),  inasmuch  as  these  two  branches  are  deemed 
suitable  to  the  pharmaceutical  chemist,  and  also  as  they  can  be  treated 
and  taken  up  without  pre^ious  exact  anatomical  and  physiological 
training. 
A  connnunication  from  J.  M.  Maisch,  Philadelphia,  was  as  follows: 
"Concerning  pharmaceutical  education,  I  do  not  think  that  there  will 
■be  any  difference  of  opinion  that  it  should  make  its  aim  as  high  as  possi- 
ble. While  I  feel  satisfied  that  the  existing  conditions  in  Great  Britain 
differ  very  materially  from  those  of  Continental  Europe,  and  that  ours 
iissimilate  most  to  those  of  Great  Britain,  still  the  conditions  in  the  United 
States  are  so  exceptional  that  it  will  be  difficult  to  reach  in  this  matter  a 
conclusion  which,  while  it  may  be  entirely  applicable  to  Great  Britain, 
would  also  with  equal  force  apply  here.  Of  the  high  aim  and  good  inten- 
tions existing  on  this  side  of  the  Atlantic  I  am  thoroughly  convinced  ;  of 
the  means  of  reaching  those  aims,  there  may  l)e  honestly  held  different 
views.  But  while  I  doubt  not  that,  in  the  main,  we  all  agree  about  the 
educational  standard  to  be  reached  by  those  to  whom  the  practice  of  phar- 
macy is  to  be  entrusted,  I  think  that  not  only  the  facilities  should  be 
offered,  but  also  a  love  should  be  awakened  and  cultivated  for  original 
research,  commensurate  to  the  large  number  of  well-educated  pharmacists 
imd  to  the  importance  of  the  material  handled." 
Mr.  J.  Dittrich,  Prague,  communicated  the  following: 
"  This  question  appears  as  a  permanent  feature  in  the  progranmies  of 
all  the  International  Pharmaceutical  Congresses  hitherto  held.  Individ- 
ual States  have  since,  more  or  less,  carried  into  effect  the  desire  entertained. 
The  increased  demands  upon  the  pharmacist  appear  to  make  a  wider  gen- 
eral education  desirable. 
"  As  to  what  relates  to  the  dei:>artment  of  autonomous  pharmaceutical 
study,  encouraging  points  of  support  are  found  in  the  Ecole  Superieure  de 
Pharmacie  de  Paris  and  in  the  Pharmaceutical  Institute  added  to  the  Uni- 
versity of  Dorj^at. 
"  If  possible,  only  pharmacists  should  teach  as  professors  in  pharmaceu- 
tical schools,  and  this  is  especially  of  importance  in  relation  to  pharma- 
ceutical chemistry." 
Professor  Emlen  Painter,  San  Francisco,  suggested  for  colleges  of  phar- 
macy the  requirement  of  a  preliminary  education  and  the  adoption  of  a 
