[     Litem (Ui on (il  Phann<iceutical  Coi}c/resH.  525 
uniform  system  of  examinations,  so  tliat  diplomas  miglit  }>e  recognized 
universally. 
Mr.  C.  R.  Blackett,  Melbourne,  suggested  some  systematic  attempt 
towards  attaining  uniformity  in  pharmaceutical  legislation  and  education 
in  all  parts  of  the  British  Empire. 
The  meeting  then  adjourned. 
Tldrd  day —  WedneBday^  August  3. 
Tlie  Congress  resumed  its  sitting  on  Wednesday  morning,  at  11.30,  under 
the  presidency  of  Professor  Redwood,  when  the  discussion  was  commenced 
on  the  papers  on  Pharmaceutical  Education,  read  on  the  previous  after- 
noon.   The  information  given  may  be  summarized  as  follows : 
Prance. — Before  entering  a  pharmacy,  the  young  man  must  obtain  the 
degree  of  Bachelor  of  Science,  then  spend  three  j^ears  in  a  pharmacy  as 
apprentice  and  then  three  years  at  a  school  of  pharmacy,  before  j^assing 
his  examination.  Second-class  pharmacists,  which  will  most  likely  soon 
be  abolished,  required  to  spend  only  one  year  at  school,  could  locate  only 
in  small  towns  and  on  removing  into  another  Department  were  obliged  to 
pass  a  fresh  examination.  There  is  no  limitation  on  the  number  of  phar- 
macies. Pharmacists  are  allowed  to  sell  medicaments,  but  not  any  com- 
pound without  the  prescription  of  a  medical  man  ;  this,  however,  is  i:>rac- 
tically  not  carried  out  and  the  aim  is  to  be  allowed  to  sell  all  prescriptions 
and  medicaments  on  demand.  The  jiosition  of  a  pharmacist  of  the  first 
class  is  equal  to  that  of  a  doctor  of  medicine,  and  in  the  army  the  rank  of 
a  medical  man  and  of  a  pharmacist  is  exactly  the  same,  the  grades  being 
lieutenant,  captain,  general,  etc. 
Italy. — Three  years'  study  at  a  university  is  required,  including  the 
branches  of  mineralogy,  toxicology  and  zoology  and  afterwards  four  years' 
practice  in  a  pharmacy  of  the  tirst  class.  An  assistant  is  not  allowed  to 
put  up  prescriptions  unless  he  has  passed  an  examination  before  a  com- 
mittee appointed  by  the  government.  Second-class  apothecaries  have 
been  abolished  ;  but  the  aim  is  to  have  again  two  diplomas  and  to  permit 
pharmacists  of  the  second  class  to  locate  in  small  towns  only.  The  rights 
of  pharmacists  are  the  same  as  in  ancient  times,  exce])t  in  Florence,  where 
they  are  obliged  to  sell  cigars  and  other  things  in  order  to  make  a  living; 
a  limitation  of  number  is  aimed  at. 
Sweden. — The  course  is  about  the  same  as  in  Germany.  The  whole  sys- 
tem of  pharmaceutical  education  and  examination  comes  entirely  within 
the  purview  of  the  Department  of  Public  Health,  and  the  wliole  of  the 
examinations  are  conducted  by  the  pharmaceutical  school  at  Stockholm, 
which  is  the  only  school  of  pharmacy  in  Sweden.  That  school  was  origi- 
nally established  by  the  Apothecaries'  Society  and  was  maintained  largely 
at  its  expense,  but  the  government  has  this  year  assumed  entire  charge  of 
the  Institute,  which  is  hereafter  to  be  a  i^ublic  school,  sup|)orted  exclu- 
sively at  the  public  expense.  The  immediate  supervision  of  the  school  is 
entrusted  to  a  board  of  six  members,  four  of  whom  are  the  professors  and 
two  practical  pharmacists,  the  whole  action  being  subject  to  the  a23proval 
of  the  Def)artme)it.  Two  of  the  present  teachers  of  the  school  are  pliar- 
macists.  • 
1 
