ON MADDER. 49 
The tint alone decided to what sort of root the powder, 
belonged. 
At present the madders are either— 
Pal us, or 
Rosy, or 
Half Palus, half rosy. 
When it is wished to denote that a madder is all Palus 
a P is added to the mark. The following are the actual 
marks : — 
Mulle, without distinctive marks. 
FF] To each of these marks the letter 
SFF P is added for Palus, 
SFFF I R for Rosy, 
EXTF ^ PP for Pure Palus, 
EPTSF RPP for Pure Red Palus. 
EXT SFF J Half Palus, half Rosy, without distinction. 
According to these designations, it is by no means rare 
to find the absurd marks of 
EXTSFRPP, 
which is to be understood thus : — 
Extra superfine fine pure red Palus. 
It must be confessed that such absurdities can only exist 
in a country where fraud has made revolting progress. It 
often happens that the mark EXTSF, now used, is not 
equal to the old one of SFF. 
The extra fine is especially manufactured with the heart 
or the ligneous part of the root. This mark gives less 
depth, because the ligneous part is less rich in coloring 
principle than the fleshy part or the bark of the root, but it 
affords a much more lively color. The madders of Avig- 
non are packed in deal casks of 900 kilogrammes in weight. 
The insides of these casks are generally lined with very 
tfiick pasteboard, in order to prevent contact with the air, 
which blackens the powders, causes them to appear less 
vol. x. — no. i. 5 
