ADULTERATIONS OF ALIMENTARY SUBSTANCES. 291 
of this measure that we have jknown that a color manu- 
facturer sold to a confectioner for factitious ultramarine, an 
inoffensive blue color, a poisonous mixture, formed of 60 
per cent, of ultramarine and 40 per cent, of blue ashes, car- 
bonate of copper. 
12.— Of Salad Oil. 
Olive oil is daily adulterated with an oil known by the 
names of white oil and oil of carnations, which is of less 
value, and whose quality is not the same. 
To give mixed oils the appearance of olive oil, solid fatty 
matters are often added, which give them the appearance 
of olive oil rendered concrete by cold. 
13. — Of Cider. 
The cider sold in Paris is rarely pure ; fermented liquors 
prepared with sugar of fecula, cassonade, and vinegar, are 
substituted for it ; every kind of it is prepared with dry 
fruits, or else it is prepared in vessels which render it in- 
jurious: we have seen cider containing lead give rise to 
more or less serious symptoms. 
We have seen sold, and even in the interior of the caser- 
nes, under the name of cider, liquids which merited a seri- 
ous attention on the part of the military authorities. By 
the sale of these liquids, the soldier is, in the first place, de- 
ceived in the value of the product, and is also liable to be 
rendered more or less dangerously ill : this so called cider 
contains a small quantity of a salt of copper. 
14. — Of Coffee. 
Coffee, which is a necessary morning aliment to a great 
number of the poorer classes, is often the subject of numer- 
ous frauds. Coffees which have been thrown into the sea 
are taken up, worked, and then sold in commerce with 
coffees of good quality. Coffee of good quality, when 
