292 ADULTERATIONS OF ALIMENTARY SUBSTANCES. 
ground, is adulterated with — 1st, exhausted coffee, which 
has been collected and dried ; 2nd, with powders, obtained 
by torrefying various products, roots of chicory, beet-root, 
carrot, the seeds of peas, pointed peas, rye, &c, &c. All 
these products are not injurious to health, but they are sold 
for that which they are not, and as substitutes for a product 
of greater value. There is no chicory which has not been 
the subject of fraud ; this product, intended to be mixed 
with coffee, has been adulterated in its turn. Thus, there 
is sold in commerce as chiefly cofFee — 1st, a product result- 
ing from a mixture of exhausted coffee and torrefied bread ; 
2nd, a product resulting from a mixture of chicory, coffee, 
and animal charcoal, arising from the decoloration of sugars, 
a residue of the refineries. We will here call to mind that, 
in the course of legal proceedings carried on between the 
Sieurs L. and D., it was proved that one of the brothers, 
L., a merchant, had come to Paris to collect various resi- 
dues ; the powder of semoule, and the residue of vermicelli, 
which should be dyed and mixed with chicory coffee, but 
that having ascertained that this product did not present 
the advantage which he had hoped for, he put himself in 
connexion with the lemonade boys, and for two months 
employed a man and a cart to collect all the coffee grounds 
which had been preserved at his request. 
1 5. — Of Wines. 
The wines sold at Paris, by retail, are, in general, wines 
produced by the mixture of several crude products. But 
this mixture is not a fraud ; the fraud practised consists in 
mixing with the southern wines, which contain a great 
quantity of alcohol, water, acidulated either with vinegar 
or with tartaric acid ; sometimes, instead of water, dry 
fruits, are macerated, and the liquor added, and these mix- 
tures are colored with juices prepared with different mat- 
ters, and especially with elderberries. Formerly, the wine 
