2  Murray  Red  Gum  and  Its  Kino.       { A  jaSyffst:.111' 
Meaning  of  the  Term  Gum  as  Applied  to  Eucalyptus  Trees.— We 
have  a  very  large  number  of  species  of  the  protean  genus 
Eucalyptus,  and  they  differ  very  much  amongst  themselves  in 
(amongst  other  things)  their  barks.  Some  of  them  have  rugged, 
dense,  hard  barks,  and  are  known  as  "  iron  barks."  Others  have 
very  fibrous  barks,  which  strip  off  in  long  pieces,  and  even  sheets, 
used  for  roofing  in  the  country ;  these  are  called  "  stringy  barks." 
Others  have  woolly,  matted  barks,  and  are  known  as  "  box."  All 
these,  and  many  others,  belong  to  the  rough-barked  Eucalypts. 
But  others  have  smooth  barks,  smooth  as  a  planed  board,  and  go 
by  the  name  of  "  gums  "  or  "  gum  trees."  Now  the  rough-barked 
species  produce  gum  (kino)  as  abundantly,  and  often  more  so, 
than  the  smooth-barked  ones,  but  the  stain  of  the  gum  is  more 
apparent  on  the  latter,  and  that  is  why,  I  believe,  the  term 
"gum  "  has  come  to  be  exclusively  applied,  in  common  parlance,  to 
the  smooth-barked  forms. 
Having  distinguished  these  two  great  classes,  the  "gums"  are 
still  further  discriminated  by  means  of  various  adjectives,  some  re- 
ferring to  color,  e.g.,  "white,"  referring  to  the  color  of  the  bark; 
"blue,"  referring  to  the  tint  of  the  bark  or  the  glaucous  appearance 
of  the  leaves ;  "  red,"  referring  to  the  color  of  the  wood,  and  so  on. 
And,  inasmuch  as  we  have  several  red  gums,  I  have  proposed  to 
permanently  define  E.  rostrata  as  "  Murray  red  gum,"  for  the  reason 
already  indicated.  "  Red  gum  "  being  thus  the  name  of  the  tree, 
"  red-gum  kino  "  becomes  the  name  of  its  product,  in  spite  of  its 
apparent  tautology.  It  should  strictly  be  written  "  red-gum  kino  " 
— not  "  red  gum-kino." 
How  Red-Gum  Kino  Is  Collected. — The  manner  in  which  the  kino 
is  procured  is  as  follows  :  The  men  employed  in  getting  it  look  for 
the  trees  from  which  the  substance  is  or  has  recently  been  exuding, 
and  cut  into  the  tree  until  they  get  beyond  the  gum-vein  ;  they  then 
insert  a  piece  of  tin  (trough-shaped)  into  the  cut  or  hole,  and  let  the 
kino  run  into  a  bucket  or  kerosene  tin.1 
1  Kerosene  tins  are  rectangular  in  shape,  and  hold  about  2  gallons  ;  in  them 
the  kerosene  (called  paraffin  oil  in  England)  is  imported  from  the  United 
States,  and  the  kerosene,  in  these  original  packages,  finds  its  way  into  the 
remotest  parts  of  the  colonies.  When  the  top  is  cut  off  and  a  wire  handle  fixed 
across,  we  have  a  rough-and-ready  pail,  which  is  used  in  Australia  for  many 
purposes  of  collection  and  storage,  such  as  the  case  we  have  under  considera- 
tion now. 
