112  Literature  Relating  to  Pharmacy.  {Afebr7£*imm' 
no  effect,  may  cause  an  exaggerated  development  of  the  petioles,  or 
may  result  in  the  perfect  development  of  the  entire  leaf.  The 
nature  of  the  regulatory  mechanism  in  each  instance  must  be 
entirely  specific. 
(3)  It  is  possible  for  some  plants  to  form  perfect  leaves  in  dark- 
ness, some  when  a  portion  of  the  stem  only  is  darkened,  and  others 
when  the  entire  plant  is  etiolated.  It  is  thus  shown  that  no  invari- 
able connection  exists  between  the  phototonic  condition  and  leaf- 
development. 
(4)  The  conclusion  of  Jost,  that  pathological  conditions  ensue 
more  quickly  in  inactive  leaves  in  light  than  in  darkness,  is  not 
capable  of  general  application.  The  deterioration  in  certain  plants 
appears  as  quickly  in  darkness  as  in  others  in  light. 
(5)  Placing  a  leaf  under  such  conditions  that  it  cannot  construct 
food  material,  sets  in  motion  the  specific  regulatory  mechanism  of 
the  organism  in  such  manner  that  the  plastic  material  may  be  with- 
drawn and  the  organ  cast  off.  An  exaggerated  development  of  the 
petioles  may  be  induced  in  darkness  by  this  mechanism. 
(6)  It  is  to  be  noted  that  plants  may  not  be  entirely  ?  as  to  their 
reaction  to  an  atmosphere  devoid  of  C02  upon  the  basis  of  species, 
since  a  given  plant  may  be  capable  of  developing  inactive  leaves  at 
one  stage  of  its  development,  and  not  at  another.  This  is  evident 
upon  consideration  of  the  fact  that  such  capacity  is  entirely  depend- 
ent upon  the  availability  of  the  reserve  food  for  this  purpose. 
In  addition  to  this  summary,  the  article  contains  an  interesting 
historical  introduction  and  a  short  bibliography  of  the  subject. 
ORANGE  GROVES  OF  NAPLES. 
The  Orange  Groves  of  Naples  are  planted  with  wild  trees,  which 
are  grafted  in  the  usual  way,  and  grow  with  bare  trunks  to  4  or  5 
feet  from  the  ground.  The  branches  then  run  out  and  form  the 
fruit-bearing  portion  of  the  tree.  An  ingenious  and  beautiful  inno- 
vation has  been  introduced  into  one  grove,  and  is  described  by 
Consul  Neville-Rolfe  in  his  latest  report.  Lemons  are  grafted  upon 
the  bare  and  non-productive  stems  of  the  oranges,  about  2  feet 
from  the  ground,  and  trained  in  garlands  from  tree  to  tree,  thus  not 
only  increasing  the  productiveness  of  the  grove  very  materially,  but 
adding  greatly  to  the  picturesqueness  of  its  appearance.  Orange 
trees  being  usually  planted  in  rows  at  a  measured  distance  apart,  a 
