374  Coffee:  Its  History  and  Commerce.  {A^j£Js\uo"m- 
flour,  bran,  etc.,  and  used  to  adulterate  the  unground  coffee.  Chicory- 
root,  mogdad  or  negro  coffee  (the  seeds  of  cassia  occiden  talis),  the 
seeds  of  several  other  species  of  cassia,  the  seeds  of  the  wax  palm, 
the  seeds  of  several  species  of  astragalus,  roasted  dates  and  figs 
are  common  substitutes  for  coffee,  and  there  are  many  others.  It  is 
an  interesting  fact  that  some  substitutes  are  in  use  in  even  the  great 
coffee  region ;  as,  for  instance,  the  seeds  of  the  wax  palm  in  Brazil. 
None  of  the  substitutes  contain  caffeine. 
Several  kinds  of  health  "  coffees,'*  made  principally  of  cereals — 
wheat,  rye  and  barley — roasted,  are  on  sale  in  many  of  our  groceries. 
The  leaves  of  the  coffee  tree  contain  a  large  quantity  of  caffeine 
and  are  often  used  in  Sumatra  in  place  of  the  seeds. 
XI.  HISTORY  OF  THE  USE  OF  COFFEE. 
It  has  been  used  in  Abyssinia  since  time  immemorial.  In  Arabia 
it  was  probably  first  used  early  in  the  fifteenth  century  at  Aden, 
whence  its  use  spread  to  Mecca,  to  Cairo,  to  Damascus,  to  Aleppo 
and  finally  to  Constantinople,  where  the  first  coffee  house  was 
established  in  1554.  The  first  coffee  house  in  Great  Britain  was 
opened  in  1652  by  a  Greek  named  Pasqua  Rossie,  who  "  was  servant 
to  an  English  merchant  named  Edwards,  who  brought  some  coffee 
with  him  from  Smyrna,  and  whose  house,  when  the  fact  became 
known,  was  so  thronged  with  friends  and  visitors  to  taste  the  new 
beverage  that  to  relieve  himself  from  annoyance,  Edwards  estab- 
lished his  servant  in  a  coffee  house."  In  France  coffee  was  first 
used  in  Marseilles  in  1658  by  Thevenot,  a  citizen  who  on  returning 
from  travels  in  the  East  "  regaled  his  guests  after  dinner."  The 
first  coffee  house  in  France  was  opened  in  Marseilles  in  1671  and 
the  first  in  Paris  in  1672.  The  Germans  began  to  use  the  beverage 
about  1756,  more  than  a  century  after  it  had  come  into  common 
use  in  England  and  France.  In  England  and  Germany  coffee-drink- 
ing met  opposition  of  a  political  nature.  In  Turkey  it  was  opposed 
by  the  Mohammedan  priests,  but  in  all  those  countries  it  bounded 
into  popularity.  In  France  it  received  the  patronage  of  persons  in 
high  station,  but  its  progress  in  popularity  was  very  slow  as  com- 
pared with  that  in  the  countries  offering  opposition.  Cocoa  was 
the  first  of  the  dietary  beverages  to  come  into  use  in  Europe,  com- 
ing from  South  America  through  the  Spaniards ;  coffee  came  next, 
from  Arabia  by  way  of  Constantinople ;  tea  came  third,  from  China 
through  the  Dutch  and  Portuguese. 
