Alo'ctobera9oa2ym'}    Advance s  in  Pharmaceutical  Manufactures.  467 
appeared.  Among  those  which  have  survived  and  are  in  consider- 
able demand  to-day  may  be  mentioned  acetanilid,  antipyrine, 
aristol,  chloralamid,  creosotal,  formaldehyde,  heroin,  phenacetine, 
phenocoll,  salophen,  salol,  sulfonal,  thiocoll  and  urotropia. 
Besides  the  older  organic  compounds :  chloral,  chloroform,  car- 
bolic acid,  ether,  ethyl  nitrite,  iodoform,  naphthaline  and  salicylic 
acid. 
Ethyl  nitrite  is  made  in  several  American  laboratories  and  its 
consumption  here  approaches  40,000  pounds  a  year.  The  makers 
of  essential  oils  also  manufacture  synthetic  perfumes  and  flavorings, 
such  as  vanillin,  coumarin,  saccharine,  ionone  and  heliotropine,  oil 
of  sassafras  and  oil  of  wintergreen. 
In  these  processes  the  organic  solvents  are  largely  used — alco- 
hol, ether,  naphtha,  chloroform,  acetone,  etc.  The  German  maker, 
with  cheap  alcohol,  has  an  immense  advantage  over  the  American, 
and  if  the  tax  were  removed  from  alcohol  used  in  the  arts,  our 
progress  would  be  unimpeded. 
Electrochemistry  has  but  slightly  affected  pharmaceutical  manu- 
facturing. Iodoform,  vanillin,  carbon  disulphide  and  hypochlorites  are 
beginning  to  be  manufactured  with  the  aid  of  the  electric  current. 
The  making  of  infants'  and  invalids'  foods  is  a  branch  by  itself 
and  digestive  ferments  are  prepared  in  liquids  and  solids  in  efficient 
and  attractive  form. 
Manufacturing  on  a  large  scale  requires  apparatus  in  proportion, 
so  the  beakers  and  glass  jars  are  replaced  by  earthenware  pots, 
enamelled  iron  tanks  of  120  to  350  gallons  capacity,  block  tin  tanks 
of  500  gallons,  and  chemical  lead  tanks  of  2,000  gallons.  The 
liquids  are  transferred  by  centrifugal  pumps,  by  steam  syphons,  or 
compressed  air,  and  precipitates  though  as  heavy  as  sand  can  also 
be  pumped  because  these  pumps  are  similar  to  the  large  ones  used 
in  marine  dredging,  of  which  it  is  reported  that  recently  one 
pumped  up  an  anchor  weighing  80  pounds  without  injury  or  inter- 
ruption. 
The  drug  mills  are  of  every  kind.  For  fine  powdering  the 
chaser  is  most  used,  then  the  ball  or  pebble  mills.  Grist  mills  with 
burrstones  are  still  much  used  and  steel  rolls ;  while  high-speed 
pulverizers,  rotary  cutters  and  crushers  take  the  leaves  and  roots. 
While  in  pharmaceutical  machinery  the  Americans  are  far  in  the 
lead,  the  German  apparatus  for  work  in  organic  chemistry  is  pre- 
