ON THE STATE OF PHARMACY IN POLAND. 127 
apprenticed ; at the termination of which period, he is ad- 
mitted to the assistants' examination, which consists of 
compounding a few preparations in the presence of the 
Assessor of Pharmacy, and giving a circumstantial descrip- 
tion of the operations ; after which he is admitted to the 
viva voce examination, on theoretical and practical Phar- 
macy, Chemistry, Botany, Pharmacognosia, Zoology, Mine- 
ralogy, and Natural Philosophy. The minutes of the exa- 
mination, together with the preparations he has compound- 
en, are forwarded to the central Medical Council, which, 
according to the opinion of two of its members, confers on 
him the degree of Assistant of the first or second class. 
To obtain the degree of a Provisor, the assistant's degree 
must be of two or three years' date, and then the candidate 
must go through a course of scientific studies of two years' 
duration, either in the school of Pharmacy, at Warsaw, or 
at an Imperial university. The Provisor's examination 
is practical, as well as by written papers, and by viva voce 
examination. It must be passed before the Medical Coun- 
cil at Warsaw, and is far more difficult and more compre- 
hensive than the assistants' examination. When the Phar- 
maceutist has passed this examination creditably, he is 
sworn in as Pharmaceutical Provi or, and furnished with 
a diploma to that effect. 
Two or three years after this he may aspire to the rank 
of Apothecary, by passing another examination still more 
difficult than the former one. 
The school of Pharmacy at Warsaw has three professors, 
and besides being of large extent, contains excellent collec- 
tions and specimens, and may be reckoned among the best 
in Europe. The number of students amounts to about 
sixty. The lectures are all delivered gratis. 
2. Medico-legal Relations. — In this respect there exist 
the following standing regulations: — A diploma as apothe- 
cary solely entitles a person to keep a shop. Every pre- 
scription must, on receipt, be rated and entered into a book, 
