AFebrTary^i9or4m"}    Examination  of  Commercial  Peppers.  77 
Coriander  White  Pepper. — It  is  of  a  whitish  color  ;  grains  not 
wrinkled,  with  a  black  or  brown  speck  at  the  base,  which  is  slightly 
hollow  ;  twelve  to  fourteen  lines  are  observed  running  from  base  to 
apex.  The  outside  whitish  layer  is  always  thicker  at  the  apex  than 
at  the  base  ;  small  and  darker  grains  do  not  occur  very  frequently, 
although  some  appear  with  a  light-colored  coat  slightly  wrinkled. 
The  reddish-brown  testa  under  the  whitish  outside  layer  is  very 
hard,  thin  and  covers  the  seed-grain  entirely.  From  the  central 
cavity,  which  is  about  r6  mm.  in  diameter,  a  whitish  mealy  portion 
extends,  being  about  one-fifth  of  the  whole  inside  ;  from  that  to  the 
testa  is  a  hard  translucent  layer.  The  diameter  of  the  whole  grains 
varies  from  3-7  mm.    Four  samples  were  examined. 
No.  Ash.  Esther  Extract.  Piperin.  Oleo-resin. 
i   i*o  8*27  6'8i  1*46 
2                                           '8  1 1  '68  9*00  2 '68 
3   i"  8*i6  7-16  roo 
4   *8  7*90  6-84  1.06 
Average,  ash,  '9;  ether  extract,  9";  piperin,  7*45+;  oleo-resin,  i"555.  Color  of 
ether  extract,  lemon-yellow. 
Singapore  White  Pepper. — Color,  grayish ;  larger  grains  not 
wrinkled,  but  from  10-15  per  cent,  of  smaller  wrinkled  grains. 
There  appears  a  black  or  brown  speck  at  the  base  of  all  grains  which 
are  not  wrinkled  ;  base  hollow.  From  ten  to  thirteen  lines  are 
observed  running  from  base  to  apex.  The  outside  grayish  layer  is 
thickest  at  the  apex  but  not  so  noticeable  as  in  the  coriander  pepper. 
The  cavity  in  the  center  is  larger  than  in  the  preceding  variety, 
being  3  mm.  in  diameter  in  the  larger  grains.  The  mealy  inside 
portion  is  from  one-fourth  to  one-third  of  the  whole  layer.  The 
layer  between  this  and  the  testa  is  translucent  and  of  a  greenish 
color.    Diameter  2  mm.    Three  samples  were  examined. 
No.                                                Ash.      Ether  Extract.  Piperin.  Oleo-resin. 
1                                                    1*1                878  7*26  1-52 
2                                           i-o             8*45  678  1*67 
3                                         i'2             8-2o  7'io  no 
Average  ash,  n;  ether  extract,  8-57+;  piperin,  7 '04+;  oleo-resin,  1*43. 
Color  of  ether  extract,  lemon-yellow. 
Penang  White  Pepper. — Color,  dirty  yellowish ;  about  1 5  per 
cent,  of  the  grains  do  not  have  the  hull  removed,  but  are  covered 
with  a  yellowish  clay,  which  in  fact  covers  all  of  the  grains ;  eleven 
