378  Drug  Trade  in  Japan  and  the  Orient.     { A™d™i*$g£ m- 
The  Government  support  as  given  to  pharmacy  has  resulted  in  a 
large  increase  in  the  number  of  pharmaceutical  schools  throughout 
the  empire,  so  that  at  the  present  time  they  are  to  be  found  in  about 
every  district  in  Japan ;  and  in  Tokyo,  the  university  where  the  post- 
graduate course  in  the  higher  branches  of  science  is  obtained,  is 
where  chemistry  and  pharmacy  have  been  most  successfully  applied. 
In  this  university  is  founded  one  of  the  most  complete  chemical  and 
bacteriological  laboratories  in  the  world. 
In  view  of  this  law  which  grants  to  chemists  the  right  to  inspect 
and  pass  upon  the  chemicals  and  drugs  sold  in  Japan,  many  of  the 
importers  or  wholesale  dealers  in  drugs  have  had  their  sons  educated 
in  pharmacy  and  qualified  as  chemists  to  perform  this  office, that  is, 
to  inspect  their  own  drugs  and  certify  as  to  their  standard.  Any 
chemist  who  falsely  represents,  or  attaches  his  seal  to  an  article  not 
found  to  be  up  to  the  Pharmacopoeia  standard  as  to  purify,  is  liable 
to  a  fine,  and  if  the  offence  is  committed  a  second  or  third  time,  he 
is  disqualified  to  practice  his  profession. 
In  the  foregoing  remarks  I  have  referred  to  the  position  of  native 
pharmacy.  The  foreign  concessions,  three  or  four  in  number,  in  the 
port  cities  where  all  foreigners  were  granted  certain  locations  for 
habitation  and  their  business  houses,  pharmacy  is  represented  by 
mostly  English  service,  and  the  customs  prevailing  in  the  conces- 
sions were  on  a  par  as  found  in  any  English  colony,  and  as  well  in 
the  States.  The  foreign  stores  in  Japan  are  thoroughly  modern  and 
up-to-date  establishments,  presided  over  by  competent  managers 
and  a  staff  of  qualified  assistants.  The  stocks  carried  are  very  large 
and  complete  in  every  particular. 
In  July,  1900,  when  all  foreigners  in  Japan  came  under  Japanese 
jurisdiction,  and  were  subject  to  the  laws  as  applied  in  Japan  to  its 
subjects,  the  effect  upon  the  foreign  pharmacist  or  chemist  was 
somewhat  arbitrary  in  its  application,  and  no  little  confusion  and 
annoyance  resulted  from  the  enactment  of  the  native  laws;  but  the 
conditions  were  met,  and  in  due  time  the  foreigner  adapted  himself 
to  the  state.  I  do  not  believe,  however,  that  the  restrictions  which 
are  in  force  will  stimulate  the  foreign  chemist  for  any  advancement 
of  the  business  interests.  The  laws  usually  applied  to  economic 
conditions  are  especially  applicable  to  the  foreign  pharmacist  or 
chemist  in  Japan. 
Passing  from  Japan  to  China,  conditions  present  themselves  under 
