Am.  Jour.  Pharm.  | 
September.  1904.  J 
Pharmacy  and  Chemistry. 
411 
injury  of  liver."  This  firm  is  located  in  Canton,  and  all  the  pills 
and  preparations  mentioned  above,  shown  in  this  exhibit,  are  of 
their  manufacture.  About  a  hundred  Chinese  and  Europeans  find 
employment  with  this  firm. 
MANUFACTURES  INVOLVING  CHEMISTRY. 
In  southern  China  the  buffalo  is  the  beast  of  burden,  in  the  north 
they  have  the  horse.  These  animals  are  used  in  many  oil  mills  to 
move  the  rollers.  The  wind  is  harnessed  up  in  a  peculiar  manner ; 
they  make  a  large  horizontal  wheel,  on  the  periphery  masts  are 
erected,  from  these  large  sails  are  hung.  Such  mills  are  especially 
used  to  hoist  water.  Coolie  labor  is  cheap  in  the  East,  they  use  it 
in  treadmills,  carrying  goods  and  the  like. 
Machinery  is  of  secondary  importance  in  China,  still  they  have 
some  crude  appliances.  Edge  runners  working  in  a  groove  propelled 
by  the  beasts  of  burden  are  used  to  crush  oil-bearing  seeds.  These 
runners  are  not  hung  in  pairs  as  is  customary  in  our  country,  but 
only  single ;  to  the  extension  of  the  axle  the  animals  are  hitched. 
Horizontal  burr- stones  are  used  in  the  manufacture  of  rice  flour, 
grinding  of  seeds  for  making  vegetable  oil  and  tallow.  The  upper 
stone  is  movable,  on  the  periphery  a  vertical  axle  is  fixed,  to  this  a 
long  pole  is  attached,  this  is  supported  by  a  rope  tied  to  the  ceiling. 
The  native  pushes  and  pulls  on  this  pole  or  crank.  A  hole  in  the 
stone  permits  the  continual  feeding  of  rice. 
Tread-hammers  are  used  in  the  compressing  of  vegetable  tallow 
into  firm  cakes.  These  hammers  are  heavy  affairs  mounted  on  an 
axle  near  the  operator ;  by  alternately  stepping  on  and  off  he  raises 
the  hammer  and  lets  it  drop. 
For  expression  of  oil  enormous  wedge-presses  are  used.  These 
are  horizontal,  the  crushed  and  warmed  seeds  are  placed  in  circular 
iron  hoops,  a  circular  timber  fits  in  the  hoops,  wedges  are  forced 
behind  this  piston.  Huge  mallets  swung  from  the  roof  give  the 
necessary  power  for  this. 
Heating  is  commonly  done  by  direct  firing  of  the  tubs,  pans,  etc. 
The  fuel  almost  exclusively  used  is  straw  and  wood.  Large  furnaces 
are  used  in  the  manufacture  of  the  celebrated  "  chinaware  "  or  porce- 
lain.   Such  furnaces  are  shown. 
Filtering  or  straining  is  commonly  accomplished  by  using  the 
bibulous  Chinese  paper. 
