436 
Anatomy  of  Edible  Berries. 
/Am.  Jour.  Pharm. 
\  Septeojber,  1904. 
cells.  The  styles  are  about  0-3  millimeter  in  diameter  in  the  middle 
part,  but  taper  somewhat  toward  the  stigma,  and  very  markedly 
toward  the  base,  where  they  are  less  than  01  millimeter  in  diameter. 
The  epidermal  cells  (ep),  which  may  be  readily  studied  without  sec- 
tioning or  treatment  with  reagents,  are  for  the  most  part  about  0-04 
millimeter  wide,  o- 10-0-15  millimeters  long,  and  (as  may  be  seen  on 
the  margins,  by  focusing)  0-05  millimeter  thick.  The  central  core 
appears  darker  than  the  transparent  margins,  owing  to  the  greater 
density  of  the  parts  as  well  as  to  the  greater  thickness.  Treatment 
with  potash  discloses  spiral  and  annular  vessels  and  rows  of  accom- 
panying crystal  cells  (k),  each  containing  a  crystal  cluster.  The 
stigmas  of  rosaceous  fruits  are  studied  with  difficulty  owing  to  the 
fungous  growths,  which  often  completely  hide  the  papillae,  even  after 
treatment  with  reagents  or  cooking. 
Examination  of  Strawberry  Preserves. — The  styles  and  achenes 
may  be  readily  picked  out  with  forceps  and  examined  as  to  their 
size  and  shape,  under  a  simple  lens.  The  former,  transparent  in  the 
fresh  fruit,  and  rendered  still  more  transparent  by  the  boiling  with 
sugar,  may  be  studied  under  the  compound  microscope  without 
further  treatment.  Their  size  (2  millimeters  long),  narrow  base  and 
large  transparent  epidermal  cells,  are  especially  characteristic  ;  but 
the  spiral  vessels  accompanied  by  crystal  clusters,  and  the  stigma, 
often  bristling  with  fungous  threads,  further  aid  in  the  identification. 
Crystals  are  clearly  differentiated  by  the  aid  of  polarizing  apparatus. 
For  the  study  of  the  pericarp  and  seed,  cross  sections  should  be 
prepared,  holding  the  achene  between  pieces  of  soft  wood  or  in  a 
hand-vise  during  the  cutting.  Especially  striking  are  the  two  endo- 
carp  layers  made  up  of  sclerenchymatized  fibers,  running  longitudin- 
ally in  the  outer,  transversely  in  the  inner  layer,  the  endosperm  made 
up  of  a  single  cell  layer  and  the  relatively  large  embryo.  The  testa 
with  adhering  endosperm  may  be  isolated  after  cutting  open  the 
pericarp  and  studied  in  surface  view  under  a  compound  microscope. 
The  reticulated  cells  of  the  outer  layer  are  highly  characteristic. 
In  mounts  prepared  by  placing  on  a  slide  a  portion  of  the  jam 
freed  from  seeds,  and  pressing  it  into  a  thin  film  with  a  cover  glass, 
may  be  seen  the  tissues  of  the  receptacle,  of  which  the  long,  pointed, 
thick-walled  hairs  and  the  long  strands  of  vascular  elements  are  of 
diagnostic  value.  Debris  resulting  from  the  disintegration  of  the 
cortical  parenchyma  cells  with  their  shriveled  contents  forms  a  con- 
siderable part  of  the  jam,  but  has  little  use  in  identification. 
