Teptemheram.'}         Anatomy  of  Edible  Berries.  437 
THE  RED  RASPBERRY. 
Rubus  Idaeus  L.  occurs  native  in  various  parts  of  the  Old  World, 
and  is  the  parent  of  the  raspberries  cultivated  in  European  gardens. 
Bailey 1  states  that  the  red  raspberries  cultivated  in  America  are 
offspring  of  the  native  R.  strigosus  Michx.,  which,  however,  is  closely 
related  to  the  European  raspberry  R.  Idaeus  L.  The  yellow  varie- 
ties are  but  albino  forms  of  these  species.  A  red  variety  of  R.  Idaeus 
grown  in  England,  several  red  and  yellow  garden  varieties  of 
R.  strigosus  grown  in  New  Haven,  were  studied  by  the  writer,  and 
were  all  found  to  be  practically  identical  both  in  macroscopic  and 
microscopic  structure. 
Macroscopic  Structure. — The  raspberry,  blackberry  and  other 
bramble  fruits  [Rubus)  are  intermediate  in  both  macroscopic  and 
II  IV 
Fig.  7.— Red  Raspberry.  I  Compound  fruit,  X  1.  II  Transverse  section  of 
a  drupelet,  X  32.  Epi,  epicarp  ;  Hy,  hypoderm  ;  Mes,  mesocarp  ;  F,  outer 
endocarp  ;  F',  inner  endocarp  ;  S,  testa  ;  R.  raphe  ;  E,  endosperm  ;  Em,,, 
embryo.    Ill  Stone,  X  x.    IV  Stone,  X  8. 
microscopic  structure  between  the  strawberry  (Fragana)  and  the 
stone  fruits  {Prunus).  They  resemble  the  strawberry  in  that  they 
are  compound  fruits  with  numerous  individual  fruitlets  on  a  common 
receptacle  (although  unlike  the  strawberry,  the  cortex  of  the  recep- 
tacle is  not  fleshy,  and  bears  the  fruitlets  on  elevations,  not  in 
depressions) ;  and  they  resemble  the  stone  fruits  in  the  structure  of 
the  pericarp  and  seed,  each  individual  fruitlet  being  in  fact  a  minia- 
ture drupe.  The  resemblance  between  the  raspberry  drupelet  and 
the  peach  is  especially  striking.    In  both  the  epicarp  is  pubescent, 
1  Loc.  cit.y  p.  287. 
