438 
Anatomy  of  Edible  Berries. 
[Am.  Jour.  Pharni. 
I  September,  1904. 
the  mesocarp  is  fleshy,  the  endocarp  [Fig.  7,  III  and  IV)  is  a  hard 
stone  with  wrinkles  on  the  surface,  and  the  united  testa  and  eado- 
sperm  form  a  thin  coat  for  the  relatively  large  embryo.  They  are 
also  very  similar  in  histological  structure,  as  is  noted  further  on. 
The  drupelets  are  crowded  together  on  the  top  and  sides  of  the 
receptacle,  each  having  a  convex  top  or  exposed  surface  and  four  to 
seven  facets  on  the  sides  formed  by  the  pressure  of  the  adjoining 
drupelets  {Fig.  y,  I).  These  facets  are  usually  slightly  convex  or  con- 
cave. Owing  to  their  crowded  arrangement,  the  thickness  of  the 
flesh  in  the  sides  of  the  drupelets  is  much  less  than  in  the  outer 
part.  The  exposed  surface  and  the  angles  between  the  facets  are 
pubescent,  the  facets  themselves  glabrous.  In  picking  a  raspberry 
the  drupelets  separate  from  the  receptacle,  clinging  together  in  the 
form  of  a  cup.  Tschierske  states  that  the  individuals  cling  together, 
first,  because  of  the  closely  fitting  adjoining  facets,  the  slightly  con- 
vex surface  of  one  fitting  into  a  corresponding  concave  surface  of 
another ;  and,  second,  because  of  the  interlocking  of  the  crooked 
hairs.  The  style  is  about  4  millimeters  long  and  arises  from  the 
upper  edge  of  the  exposed  surface  of  the  drupe,  appearing  to  come 
from  between  the  drupelets. 
Histology. — Tschierske1  gives  a  valuable  description  of  the  struc- 
ture and  development  of  the  pericarp,  endosperm  and  style  of  the 
European  R.  Idaeus,  but  (as  in  the  case  of  the  strawberry)  neglects 
the  testa.  Marpmann2  gives  a  short  description  of  some  of  the 
tissues.  Villiers  and  Collin3  describe  briefly  the  microscopic  ap- 
pearance of  the  style  and  fragments  of  epicarp  as  seen  in  the  jelly, 
illustrating  their  description  with  an  inaccurate  cut. 
Receptacle. — (1)  The  Epidermis  resembles  somewhat  the  epicarp 
of  the  fruit,  but  the  hairs  are  less  numerous  and  usually  thicker 
walled. 
(2)  Cortex. — As  no  sarkogen  layer  is  developed  in  the  raspberry 
the  cortex  layer  is  thin,  the  bulk  of  the  receptacle  being  the  pith, 
(3)  Bundles. — It  follows  from  what  has  been  stated  that  the  main 
bundles  run  near  the  surface  of  the  receptacle.  They  are  shorter 
and  more  strongly  developed  than  in  the  strawberry,  with  larger 
and  more  numerous  vessels. 
1  Loc.  cit.,  pp.  612-628. 
^  Loc.  cit.y  102. 
3  Traits  des  Alterations  et  Falsifications  des  Substances  Aliinentaires,  Paris, 
1900,  829. 
