526 
Pharmacy  and  Chemistry. 
(Am.  Jour.  Pharm. 
I  November,  1904. 
products.  Forestry,  woods,  resins,  roots  and  barks.  Education, 
university,  college  and  primary-school  work.  Art,  wonderful  paint- 
ings and  drawings  by  native  artists.  Household  Arts,  knitting,  etc. 
Commerce,  sugar,  leather,  alcohol,  wines  and  cigars.  There  are 
features  in  the  general  exhibit  that  may  interest  the  individual 
visitor,  such  as  the  war  exhibits  and  the  like. 
What  will  especially  interest  Americans  is  the  Philippine  way  of 
doing  things.  In  front  of  the  large  Agriculture  Building  are  the 
many  crude  wooden  plows,  harrows,  rollers  carrying  wooden  spikes, 
sugar  presses,  hemp  and  rope-making  appliances,  all  typical  of  the 
old  agricultural  methods  of  the  Gauls  and  Romans.  The  spirit  that 
pervades  the  farmers  is  that  some  day  we  will  use  American  plows, 
but  these  are  good  enough  for  us.  Especially  interesting  is  the  oil 
press  exhibited.  Imagine  a  square  frame  of  heavy  timbers,  the 
upper  having  a  central  and  longer  opening  than  the  lower  cross 
piece ;  into  these  openings  wooden  timbers  slip,  leaving  little  play  in 
the  lower  opening.  The  thus  formed  open  jaws  are  tightly  forced 
together  by  two  wedges  driven  into  the  upper  opening  behind  the 
jaws.  Cocoanut,  sesame  oil  and  the  like  are  made  by  the  natives 
with  such  presses ;  the  press  cakes  are  used  as  stock  feed. 
The  juice  of  the  cane  is  expressed  by  vertical  rollers ;  one  roller 
being  connected  with  the  motive  power,  the  carabao,  by  a  long 
timber  swinging  about  the  focus  in  a  large  circle.  The  other  rollers 
are  connected  by  teeth  arrangements  working  in  corresponding 
openings  in  the  motive  roller.  The  three-roll  presses,  made  of  stone 
and  hard  wood,  move  thus  in  unison.  The  tall  two-roll  presses  have 
spiral-thread  arrangements  carved  in  the  wood  for  some  two  feet  at 
the  top,  thus  insuring  the  necessary  motion  of  both  rolls.  As  the 
presented  cane  stalk  would  slip  up  and  down  the  roll  when  presented 
by  the  indolent  workman,  a  wooden  timber  having  more  or  less  of  a 
rounded  wedge-shape  with  a  tunnel  through  the  center,  takes  the 
presented  stalk.  The  juice  running  down  the  rollers  is  collected  in 
pans  or  tubs.  This  is  then  carried  to  the  evaporating  pans ;  the  one 
shown  is  of  iron,  I  meter  across  and  %  meter  in  depth.  When 
the  farmer  finds  the  syrup  becoming  of  such  consistency  that  it  be- 
comes solid  on  cooling,  he  pours  it  into  earthenware  pots  holding 
probably  IO  gallons.  These  pots  look  like  buckets;  the  walls  are 
about  inch  in  thickness.  In  this  form,  pilones,  the  husbandman 
sends  his  crude  sugar  of  deep-brown  color  to  the  refiners  in  Manila 
