534 
Anatomy  of  Edible  Berries. 
(  Am.  Jour.  Ptaarm. 
\  November,  1904. 
Nucellar  Layer  {Fig.  p,  N). — As  in  the  strawberry,  all  that  remains 
of  the  nucellar  tissue  is  the  layer  of  obliterated  cells,  which  in  section 
appears  as  the  thickened  outer  wall  of  the  endosperm. 
Endosperm  {Fig.  p,  E). — A  transverse  section 
shows  that  the  endosperm  is  made  up  of  aleurone- 
cells  with  remnants  of  other  cells  adjoining  the 
embryo.  On  the  two  broader  sides  of  the  elliptical 
section  there  are  five  or  six  cell  layers,  but  the  num- 
ber diminishes  toward  both  the  ventral  and  dorsal 
sides,  where  there  are  only  two  or  three. 
The  cells  are  polygonal  in  surface  view,  but  in 
section  are  for  the  most  part  quadrilateral,  arranged 
in  radial  rows.  The  aleurone  grains  are  the  same 
as  in  the  strawberry. 
Embryo  {Fig.  7,  Em).— The  structure  of  the  embryo 
is  practically  the  same  as  in  the  strawberry. 
Style  {Figs.  10  and  //). — (1)  The  Epidermal  Cells 
{Fig.  iit  ep)  are  much  smaller  than  in  the  straw- 
berry, and  owing  to  numerous  wrinkles  on  the  sur- 
faces are  not  so  transparent.  These  wrinkles  may  be 
brought  out  clearly  either  by  treating  specimens 
with  iodine  as  recommended  by  Tschierske,  or  bet- 
ter, in  the  writer's  experience,  by  bleaching  with 
sodium  hypochlorite  and  staining  with  safranin. 
On  the  broadened  basal  portion  of  the  style  are  scat- 
tering hairs  like  those  of  the  epicarp. 
(2)  Bundles. — After  heating  the  style  with  dilute 
potash  solution,  the  vessels  (sp)  and  accompanying 
isodiametric  crystal  cells  (k)  are  clearly  evident. 
Examination  of  Raspberry  Preserves. — Styles  and 
stones  (seeds  with  enclosing  endocarp)  are  evident  to 
the  naked  eye.  The  former  may  be  examined 
directly  under  the  microscope  as  in  the  case  of  the 
strawberry,  and  are  identified  by  their  length  (4 
millimeters),  broadened  base  with  hairs  and  small 
wrinkled  epidermal  cells.  Vessels  and  crystal  cells 
are  also  striking  elements. 
Fig.  10.— Rasp-  -j*^  stones  are  distinguished  from  seeds  of  other 
berry  style    and  .  .    .  . 
stigma    X  32      genera  by  their  characteristic  wrinkled  surface  and 
