A™ovlmle?%?-}         Anatomy  of  Edible  Berries.  535 
from  blackberry  stones  by  their  smaller  size.  Cross  sections  show 
the  two  layers  of  endocarp,  the  testa  with  cells  of  the  outer  epidermis 
twice  the  diameter  of  those  of  the  inner  epidermis  and  with  a  middle 
parenchymatous  layer,  the  endosperm  of  several  cell  layers  and  the 
embryo. 
The  epidermis  with  hairs  for  the  most  part  blunt,  thin-walled  and 
sinuous,  and  the  crystal  cells  of  the  underlying  mesocarp  may  be 
readily  found  in  mounts  prepared  from  the  gelatinous  portion  of  the 
product.  Vascular  elements  are  almost  entirely  wanting,  as  the 
receptacle  is  not  picked  with  the  fruit. 
the  black  raspberry  [Rubus  occidentalis  L.). 
This  species,  a  native  of  the  Northern  United  States,  is  the  parent 
of  the  black  varieties.    It  differs  from  the  red  raspberry  chiefly  in 
smaller  size  of  the  drupelet  and  their  deep  purple-black  color,  due 
FiG.  11. — Raspberry  style  in  surface  view,     ep,  epidermis  ;  sp,  spiral  ves- 
sels ;  k,  crystal  cells.    X  300. 
to  the  dark  claret-red  cell  juice.  The  pits  of  both  are  about  the 
same  size  and  shape.  The  black  raspberry  has  practically  the  same 
microscopic  structure  as  the  red  species. 
Black  raspberry  jam  or  preserve  is  of  a  deep  claret-red  color  and 
the  seeds  are  stained  the  same  color. 
THE  BLACKBERRY. 
Most  of  the  works  on  systematic  botany  describe  the  dewberry, 
or  running  blackberry,  as  Rubus  Canadensis  L.,  the  tall  American 
blackberry  as  Rubus  villosus  Aiton ;  but  Bailey,1  who  has  examined 
the  original  specimens  in  European  herbaria,  has  found  that 
Linnaeus'  species  is  the  thornless  blackberry  {R.  Millspaughii  Brit- 
ton)  and  Aiton's  species  is  the  dewberry.  These  names  have  been 
restored  by  Bailey  to  the  plants  to  which  they  were  originally 
xLoc.  citn  pp.  366-379. 
