536 
Anatomy  of  Edible  Berries. 
(Am.  Jour.  Pharra- 
I  November,  1904. 
assigned,  and  the  tall  blackberry,  which  would  otherwise  be  without 
a  name,  has  been  called  by  him  R.  nigrobaccus.  The  type  of  this 
latter  species  is  the  common  native  bush  blackberry,  with  long 
fruits,  and  is  the  parent  of  the  long  cluster  cultivated  varieties,  such 
as  the  Taylor  and  the  Ancient  Briton. 
R.  nigrobaccus  var.  sativus  Bailey,  the  short  cluster  blackberry,  is 
a  less  common  native  berry,  but  is  the  parent  of  the  larger  part  ©f 
the  garden  varieties,  the  fruit  of  one  of  which,  the  Snyder,  was 
studied  by  the  writer.  R.  fruticosus ,  the  European  wild  blackberry, 
does  not  occur  either  wild  or  cultivated  in  America. 
The  dewberry  or  running  blackberry  (Rubus  villosus  Aiton)  grows 
wild  in  all  parts  of  the  United  States  except  the  extreme  West,  and 
has  given  rise  to  a  number  of  garden  varieties.  The  berry  is  hardly 
distinguishable  in  microscopic  structure  from  the  short  cluster  black- 
berry. In  macroscopic  structure  the  two  are  also  practically  the 
same,  the  only  difference  which  the  writer  has  detected  being  that 
the  epicarp  of  the  dewberry  sometimes  bears  a  few  hairs. 
Macroscopic  Structure. — The  blackberry  agrees  with  the  raspberry 
in  general  structure,  but  differs  in  the  following  details:  (i)  Both 
the  drupelets  and  the  receptacle  are  glabrous  throughout.  (2)  The 
drupelets  are  firmly  attached  to  the  receptacle  by  broad  bases,  and 
do  not  separate  from  the  latter  on  picking  the  fruit.  There  is  really 
no  epidermis  of  the  receptacle,  as  the  surface  is  almost  completely 
covered  by  the  bases  of  the  drupelets,  the  epicarp  of  one  being  con- 
tinuous with  that  of  the  adjoining  drupelet.  (3)  As  may  be  seen 
from  Fig.  13,  the  pits  resemble  those  of  the  raspberry  in  shape  and 
markings,  but  are  much  larger.  (4)  The  styles  (Fig.  if)  are  but 
2  millimeters  long  and  commonly  arise  from  a  marked  depression  in 
the  drupelet.  They  are  free  from  hairs,  and  do  not  broaden  at  the 
base. 
Histology. — Godfrin1  notes  the  structure  of  the  testa  of  R.  fruti- 
cosus L.,  a  European  species,  and  gives  a  figure  of  a  transverse 
section.  Further  than  this  the  writer  has  found  no  literature  on  the 
histology  of  the  blackberry. 
Receptacle. — The  structure  of  the  receptacle  differs  in  no  essential 
detail  from  that  of  the  raspberry. 
1  litude  histologique  sur  les  Teguments  S6minaux  des  Angiospermes.  Soc. 
des  Sciences  de  Nancy,  1880,  p.  153. 
