538 
A?t atomy  of  Edible  Berries. 
f  A.m.  Jour.  Pharm. 
I  ISTovejiber,  1904. 
in  the  raspberry,  but  are  not  wrinkled  to  any  appreciable  extent. 
Hairs  are  entirely  wanting.  Crystals  and  vessels  are  conspicuous 
in  potash  preparations. 
Examination  of  Blackberry  Preserves. — Examination  of  blackberry 
preserves  is  made  as  described  under  raspberry.  Styles  are  less 
numerous  than  in  the  latter,  and  are  distinguished  by  their  shorter 
length,  absence  of  hairs  and  the  smoothness  of  the  epidermal  cells. 
In  cooked  products  it  is  not  usually  evident  that  the  styles  arise 
from  a  depression  in  the  drupelet.  The  seeds  are  larger  than  in  the 
raspberries,  but  in  histological  structure  are  very  similar.  They 
are,  however,  distinguished  from  the  latter  by  the  thicker  inner 
endocarp  and  by  the  fact  that  the  cells  of  the  outer  epidermis  of  the 
Fig.  14. — Blackberry  style  and  stigma.    X  32. 
spermoderm  are  about  half  the  diameter  of  those  of  the  inner 
epidermis ;  whereas,  in  the  raspberry  the  reverse  is  true.  In  black- 
berry  preserves,  unlike  that  made  from  raspberries,  hairs  are  few  or 
entirely  absent ;  but  tissues  of  the  receptacle,  notably  the  vascular 
elements,  are  present. 
Compared  with  the  strawberry,  the  bundles  are  shorter,  but  more 
strongly  developed,  with  larger  and  more  numerous  vessels.  Elon- 
gated epidermal  cells  and  crystal  clusters  are  also  distinguishable. 
the  red  currant  (Ribes  rubrum  L.). 
Both  the  red  and  white  garden  varieties  of  currant  are  derived 
from  the  European  species,  R.  rubrum.  Three  varieties,  grown  in 
the  Experiment  Station  garden,  have  been  examined  by  the  writer ; 
Fay's  Prolific,  a  red  variety  with  berries  often  1-25  centimeters  in 
diameter,  Versaillaise,  a  smaller  berried  red  variety,  and  the  white 
grape.    All  of  these  have  the  same  microscopic  structure. 
Macroscopic  Structure. — The  calyx  tube  of  the  currant  is  united 
with  the  ovary,  and  the  fruit  (a  true  berry)  bears  on  the  summit  the 
shriveled  remains  of  the  floral  parts  (Fig.  75,  I).  The  deeply  five- 
cleft  bell-shaped  calyx  tube  bears  in  its  throat  five  petals  much 
