6 
beaume's hydrometers. 
Cartier supplanted him with a poor instrument cf his own, formed 
experimentally, and with no definite modulus, but approaching 
nearest to the scale given by the modulus 140. In course of time 
Carrier's scale became confounded with Beaume's, the title 
"Beaume's" being applied to an extension of Cartier's, (it ex- 
tending originally only to 44°,) and the real Beaume's scale en- 
tirely lost sight of. The formula for converting Beaume's degrees 
into Cartier's is still published with all the tables, though worse 
than useless. The instruments made in France are generally 
marked " selon Cartier," and are so in reality, but differ in no 
respect from the common instrument known as Beaume's 
hydrometer. 
To remove the difficulty and confusion attending their use, and 
to restore to both their real value, it is only necessary for some 
competent authority to determine a modulus for each scale, which 
should be, from the reasons already given, 145 for the pese acide, 
and 140 for the pese esprit, (taking the 10 per cent, solution for 
zero.) The value so given for the 66th degree of the former scale, 
and the 60th of the latter, would determine the sp. gr. for the ex- 
tremes of the scale, and each degree between obtained by division. 
Ether of sp. gr. .7368, temp. 60 F., is easily obtainable, and would 
furnish the 60th degree of the pese esprit, the higher degrees on 
each scale could then be readily laid off in the usual manner. If 
the united colleges in this country would adopt this system, (or 
any other if better,) Beaume's hydrometer would become as valua- 
ble for its accuracy in determining specific gravities, as it is for 
its convenience ; as any desired delicacy could be given to its in- 
dications, to the one-tenth of a degree if desirable.* 
[* The Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, deeply impressed with the real 
importance and usefulness of reliable hydrometers to the pharmaceutist and 
the manufacturer, have under consideration the propriety and feasibility of 
having a supply of these instruments carefully made, according to the data 
furnished by Mr. Pemberton, under the supervision of a competent com- 
mittee, who will only give the authority of the College to such of the h)- 
drometers as shall pass their inspection, after trial. — Editor. 1 
