318 
Modern  PharmaceuHcal  Study, 
(  Am.  Jour.  Pliarm. 
t      June,  1882. 
his  '^herbarium  vivum,^^  i.e.,  an  herbarium  which  is  collected  and  arranged 
by  himself  during  his  apprenticeship. 
This  "  Gehiilfenpriifung  "  corresponds  to  the  English  "  Minor  Examina- 
tion ;"  but  the  young  man  has  not  yet  the  permission  to  possess  his  own 
pharmacy :  he  can  only  be  an  assistant. 
The  candidate  must  now  spend  at  least  three  years  as  an  assistant 
("Gehiilfe")  in  a  pharmacy,  and  after  this  stage  ("  Servirzeit ")  he  may 
commence  his  studies  for  die  j^harmaceutische  StaatsjDriifung^^  (also 
■called  "das  Apothekerexamen,"  i.  e.,  the  "Major  Examination.")  He  is 
now  obliged  to  attend  the  lectures  and  do  practical  work  in  the  laboratories 
of  the  university.  Having  thus  been  at  least  one  year  and  a  half  occupied 
only  with  his  studies,  he  has  the  right  to  present  himself  for  this  examina- 
tion, which  can  be  passed  in  either  of  the  twenty  universities  of  Germany 
or  in  one  of  the  three  polytechnic  schools  of  Brunswick  (Collegium  Caro- 
linum),  Stuttgart  and  Carlsruhe.  This  examination  is  demanded  by  the 
iibove-mentioned  law  of  March  5,  1875,  and  consists  of  the  following  five 
parts : 
1.  Preliminary  {written). — Three  questions  in  botany  or  materia  medica, 
in  inorganic  and  organic  chemistry. 
2.  Pharmaceutieal,  technical. — To  make  two  "  galenical  "  preparations 
and  two  chemico-pharmaceutical  prep.arations. 
3.  Analytical,  chemical. — [a)  Qualitative  and  quantitative  (gravimetric 
and  volumetric)  analyses  ;  (6)  toxicological  research  (qualitative  and  quan- 
titative). 
4.  Pharmaceutical  scientific  {oral). — In  botany,  materia  medica  and 
pharmaceutical  chemistry. 
5.  Final  ("  Schlusspriifung  ")  is  also  a  scientific  oral  examination  and  is 
held  in  botany,  chemistry  and  materia  medica  by  the  professors  of  the 
university  and  in  the  laws  of  pharmacy  by  an  apothecary. 
Only  after  having  passed  this  last  examination  has  the  German  pharm- 
acist permission  to  j30ssess  a  pharmacy,  but  even  then  he  cannot,  as  in 
France  and  England,  establish  himself  without  a  privilege  of  thie  govern- 
ment. 
On  these  short  remarks,  the  English  pharmacist  will  have  a  valuable 
commentary  in  the  very  interesting  article,  which  has  already  been  pub- 
lished in  the  Pharmaceutical  Journal  (Nov.  1,  18?1),  by  Mr.  Greenish. 
Russia. 
The  following  remarks  upon  pharmaceutical  education  in  Russia,  I  have 
taken  partly  from  a  French,  essay^  of  Dr.  C.  Mehu,  and  partly  from  some 
communications  which  Mr.  C.  Frederking,  joharmaceutical  chemist  in 
Riga,  has  been  so  kind  as  to  send  me  in  answer  to  my  inquiries. 
The  j)harmacists  in  Russia  make  their  studies  in  the  universities  as  in 
Germany.  Professors  in  jDharmacy  are  em2:>loyed  by  the  universities  in 
Moscow,  Kiew,  Kasan,  Charkow,  Dorpat  and  Warsaw;  in  St.  Petersburg 
the  i^harmacists  study  in  the  Medico-Chirurgical  Academy.  All  the  phar- 
maceutical examinations  are  passed  at  these  establishments.  In  general, 
the  Russian  pharmacy,  through  its  whole  development  resembles  the 
1  Journal  de  Piiarmacie  et  de  Chimie,  4  serie,  xx,  pp.  60  and  139. 
