^'"jine^issl.''""}  Modern  Pharmaceutical  Study.  319 
Seandinavian  and  German  very  greatly,  and  some  of  the  most  important 
Hussian  pharmaceutical  journals  are  printed  in  German,  A  reform  of 
pharmaceutical  study  in  Russia  may  soon  be  expected,  and  if  this  reform 
is  strictly  and  completely  carried  through,  it  will  raise  the  Russian  phar- 
macy to  one  of  the  highest  development. 
At  present  the  following  demands  are  required  : 
As  in  Germany,  the  candidate  for  apprenticeship  needs  to  have  attended 
the  classical  school  ("  das  Gymnasium  ")  before  he  commences  his  special 
education.  At  present  it  is  only  necessary  to  have  passed  the  three  lower 
classes  of  the  "Gymnasium,"  but  in  the  new  plan  for  pharmaceutical 
study,  which  I  shall  mention  later,  it  is  proposed  to  require  attendance 
upon  six  classes  of  the  "  Gymnasium,"  and  this  will  perfectly  correspond 
with  the  present  demands  in  Germany.  If  the  candidate  has  passed  all 
the  classes  in  the  "Gymnasium  "  he  can,  as  in  Germany,  finish  his  j^rac- 
tical  education  in  two  years;  if  not,  three  to  five  years'  apprenticeship  is 
demanded. 
The  first  pharmaceutical  examination,  the  "  Gehiilfenpriifung,"  seems 
to  be  nearly  the  same  as  the  above-mentioned  corresponding  German 
■examination  (the  English  "Minor"),  only  this  one  in  Russia  is  passed 
before  the  pharmaceutical  professors  of  the  universities  and  not,  as  in 
Germany,  before  special  boards  of  examiners. 
After  the  "Minor  "  the  candidate  must  spend  three  years  in  a  pharmacy 
as  an  assistant.  (After  the  year  1881  he  can  pass  his  three  years  as  an 
assistant  after  the  "Major").  Now  he  can  commence  his  studies  at  the 
universities.  After  having  occupied  himself  exclusively  with  these  studies 
for  at  least  three  semestres  (i.  e.,  one  year  and  a  half),  and  ordinarily  for 
foursemestres,  he  may  pass  the  Russian  "  Major,"  "das  Provisor-Examen." 
This  embraces  oral  examinations  in  mineralogy,  chemistry  (also  special 
pharmaceutical  and  toxicological  chemistry),  zoology,  physics  and  materia 
medica.  These  examinations  are  held  by  the  professors  of  the  universities. 
The  candidate  must  be  able  to  give  the  first  help  to  sick  and  wounded 
persons.  At  the  practical  examination  he  must  recognize  and  describe 
two  pharmaceutical  drugs  and  two  chemical  products  from  their  external 
•characters,  and  make  a  qualitative  and  a  quantitative  analysis  of  one  of 
those  substances ;  he  must  also  make  a  forensic  analysis  and  write  a  report 
upon  this  research,  must  make  two  chemical  preparations  under  the  con- 
trol of  one  of  the  professors,  and  prove  that  he  possesses  the  knowledge  of 
bookkeeping,  necessary  for  a  pharmacy. 
In  order  to  obtain  the  highest  degree,  ^''Magister  Pharmaeice^^^  it  is  de- 
manded :  (1)  that  the  candidate  shall  have  been  a  "  Provisor  "  for  one  year 
at  least ;  (2)  more  severe  examinations  in  the  same  sciences  as  in  the  "  Pro- 
visor-Examen ;"  (3)  the  defence  of  a  dissertation  with  at  least  six  theses. 
These  are  the  present  demands  for  pharmaceutical  study  in  Russia.  This 
•country,  possessing  some  of  the  most  famous  pharmaceutists  of  the  present 
day,— I  shall  here  only  mention  the  names  Dragendorff  and  v.  Trapp,— 
has  not  been  satisfied  with  the  above  plan,  and  in  the  beginning  of  1880 
the  new  project,  which  I  have  already  mentioned,  was  published. ^ 
1  "  Phann.  Zeitschr.  f.  Russhuid,"  1880,  No.  1.   [Also  in  "  Pliann.  Zeituiig,"  1880,  No.  U,] 
