320 
Modern  Pharmaceutical  Study. 
/  Am.  Jour.  Pharm. 
(      June,  1882. 
According  to  this  neiu  plan  the  obligatory  ]ireparatory  instruction  will 
be  raised  from  three  to  six  classes  in  the  classical  school,  and  the  appren- 
ticeship fixed  at  two  and  a  half  to  three  years.  (If  the  candidate  has  passed 
all  the  seven  classes  in  the  classical  school,  he  can  make  his  first  pharma- 
ceutical examination  after  an  apprenticeship  of  two  years.)  This  first 
pharmaceutical  examination  is  held  in  the  universities  and  called  "  ein 
pharmaceutisches  ControU-Examen  "  (corresponding  to  the  "Minor")* 
He  has  then  the  right  to  be  an  assistant  in  a  pharmacy,  and  can  imme- 
diately commence  his  studies  at  the  universities.  After  having  during  at 
least  two  years  followed  the  lectures  and  the  laboratory  work,  he  may  pass 
das  pharmaceutisches  Candidaten-Examen^^  (the  "Major"),  and  will 
now  have  the  title  of  "  Candidat  der  Pharmacie"  (formerly  "Provisor") 
and  the  right  to  manage  a  pharmacy. 
Beyond  this  there  is  a  higher  examination  which  is  called  das  phar- 
maceidische  Magister-Examen^^^  and  corresponds  nearly  to  the  old  exami- 
nation of  the  same  name  which  I  mentioned  above.  This  can  only  be 
passed  when  the  aspirant  has  been  a  "  Candidat  der  Pharmacie"  at  least 
two  years. 
The  highest  degree  in  pharmacy  will  hereafter  be  the  Magister  und 
Doctor  der  Pharmacie  this  new  examination  can  be  passed  by  the  can- 
didate who  has  been  a  "  Magister  "  in  pharmacy  for  at  least  two  years,  and 
this  test  must  be  regarded  as  a  very  severe  one ;  the  candidate  is  obliged  to 
defend  another  dissertation,  more  difficult  than  that  for  the  "  Magister- 
Examen." 
The  number  of  pharmacists  in  Russia  is  limited,  as  in  Germany,  Den- 
mark, Norwaj^,  Sweden,  etc.  The  ''Candidal  der  Pharmacie^''''  after  hav- 
ing arrived  at  the  age  of  twenty-five,  has  the  right  to  manage  or  possess  a 
pharmacy.  The  ""Magister  der  Pharmacie''''  is  preferred  in  the  distribu- 
tion of  new  "  privileges  "  for  pharmacies,  and  of  the  higher  pharmaceutical 
offices;  he  can  also  be  a  lecturer  or  a  "  Professor  extraordinarius  "  in  the 
pharmaceutical  chairs  of  the  university.  The  "  Doctor  der  Pharmacie" 
may  become  a  "  Professor  ordinarius  "  in  the  pharmaceutical  cl.airs  of  the 
universities,  and  has  the  precedence  in  appointment  to  the  highest  phar- 
maceutical government  offices. 
Denmark. 
This  country  had  very  early  an  organized  pharmacy.  As  early  as 
December  4,  1672,  it  was  fixed  by  law  that  every  pharmacist  should  be 
examined  by  the  College  of  Physicians,  and  by  the  pharmacists  in  Copen- 
hagen. June  2,  1828,  some  new  rules  were  given  for  pharmaceutical 
examinations.  Since  that  time  nearly  all  has  been  unchanged,  and  the 
proportionally  high  position  which  the  Danish  pharmacy  held  a  hundred 
years  ago  has  gradually  been  lost,  and  the  standard  of  pharmaceutical 
study  in  Denmark  (and  that  in  Norway,  which  country  until  1814  belonged 
to  Denmark)  must  be  regarded  as  at  the  present  lower  than  in  Germany. 
It  is  true  that  pharmaceutical  study  in  Denmark  has  advanced  in  the  last 
hundred  years,  but  not  nearly  so  much  as  in  Germany,  and  the  reason  of 
