Am.  Jour.  Pharm. ) 
June,  1882.  / 
Modern  Pharmaceutical  Study. 
321 
this  proportional  slowness  of  development  must  be  found  in  the  want  of  a 
special  pharmaceutical  school  or  institute,  and  in  the  predominance  of 
physicians  in  the  mutual  administration  of  medicine  and  pharmacy.  It 
is  to  be  hoped  that  these  two  great  wants  will  be  removed  in  the  near  , 
future  and  Danish  jjharmacy  be  as  well  situated  as  now  in  England,  and 
so  possess  the  most  important  conditions  for  its  wider  development. 
The  present  state  of  pharmaceutical  study  in  Denmark  resembles  that 
in  Germany,  and  it  is  arranged  in  the  following  way : 
After  having  passed  his  "  Prseliminair  Examen  "  ("  Preliminary  Exam- 
ination and  a  special  test  in  Latin,  and  having  also  finished  his  prac- 
tical course,  the  young  man  passes  liis  "  Medhjoelperprove"  (the  "  Minor.") 
He  is  now  a  "  Medhjoelper  "  (assistant)  and  can  immediately  begin  to  fol- 
low the  lectures  at  the  university  in  Copenhagen,  at  the  same  time  he  is 
occupied  in  the  chemical  laboratory  of  the  university,  and  can  after  the 
lapse  of  two  or  three  semesters,  pass  his  last  examination.  He  is  now 
called  a  "  Candidatus  pharmaciae,"  and  has,  as  the  "  Apotheker"  in  Ger- 
many, the  right  to  compete  at  the  distribution  of  vacant  or  new  "privi- 
leges" of  pharmacies,  or  he  can  buy  one  of  the  pharmacies  which  were 
established  before  1842,  these  i3harmacies  being  the  only  ones  which  can 
be  sold.  All  those  which  are  founded  after  1842  are  a  sort  of  government 
offices,  which  can  only  be  vacant  in  case  of  death. 
During  the  last  year  a  powerful  agitation  has  commenced  for  the  pur- 
pose of  obtaining  more  severe  rules,  and  other  improvements  in  the  phar- 
maceutical studies,  and  without  doubt  a  change  for  the  better  will  be  made 
in  the  near  future. 
Norway. 
I  owe  the  following  information  respecting  pharmaceutical  study  in  Nor- 
way to  my  friend  Morten  Nyegaard,  Esq.,  of  Christiania,  Editor  of  "  Far- 
maceutisk  Tidskrift,"  the  Norwegian  pharmaceutical  journal.  These 
remarks  are  mainly  taken  from  a  collection  of  the  Norwegian  pharmaceu^ 
tical  laws,^  which  Mr.  M.  Nyegaard  published  some  few  years  ago. 
Norway  was  connected  with  Denmark  until  1814,  and  therefore  it  is 
•quite  natural  that  the  rules  for  Norwegian  pharmaceutical  education  should 
much  resemble  the  corresponding  ones  in  Denmark. 
After  having  passed  a  preliminary  examination  (including  a  special  test 
in  Latin),  and  having  finished  his  practical  education  in  pharmacy,  the 
young  man  passes  his  "  Medhjoelperprove  "  ("  Minor  ")  before  a  govern- 
ment medical  officer.  He  is  now  allowed  to  be  an  assistant  and  called 
"  Studiosus  pharniacige."  As  in  Denmark  this  "  Medhjoelperprove  "  must 
be  regarded  as  a  little  less  severe  than  the  above-mentioned  German  "  Ge- 
hiilfenpriifung  "  ("Minor").  Thereafter  he  can  immediately  conmience 
his  studies  at  the  university  in  Christiania,  and  afterwards  pass  the 
"Apotheker  Examen,"  also  called  "den  pharmaceutiske  Examen" 
("  Major")  which  is  clearly  defined  by  the  law  of  May  10, 1860.  Besides  the 
branches  of  science  belonging  to  the  German  "  Major,"  this  examination 
includes  zoology,  mineralogy,  and  knowledge  of  the  pharmaceutical  drug 
1  M.  Nyegaard  :  "  Looe  vedkommende  det  norske  Apotheker voesen,"  etc.  .  .  .  Cliris-  • 
tiania,  1878. 
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