322 
Modern  Pharmaceutical  Sf  irdy. 
j  Am.  Jonr.  Pharm^ 
1      June,  1882. 
trade  (including  also  the  rules  for  bill-brokerage,  exchange  and  book-keep- 
ing by  single  entry,  and  knowledge  of  the  laws  which  relate  to  pharmacy). 
Still  the  requirements  in  chemical  analysis  are  not  nearly  so  severe  as  in, 
the  corresponding  German  course.  Having  passed  this  last  examination, 
the  young  man  has  the  title  of  "  Exaniinatus  pharmacise,"  and  can  now 
manage  or  possess  a  pharmacy. 
In  the  spring  of  the  year  1881,  the  Norwegian  government  published 
a  new  plan  for  pharmaceutical  study,  and  this  is  at  present  the  subject  of 
a  lively  debate.  The  most  important  improvements  proposed  are  the  fol- 
lowing :  The  "  Minor"  shall  be  held  only  in  Christiania,  Trondhjem  and 
Bergen,  twice  a  year,  and  not,  as  formerly,  by  a  government  medical 
officer  alone,  but  by  special  boards  of  examiners,  consisting  of  two  phar- 
macists and  a  physician  ;  one  of  the  two  pharmacists  to  be  the  president 
of  the  board.  At  this  examination  the  student  must,  as  in  Germany,  pre- 
sent an  herbarium,  which  he  has  collected  and  arranged  himself.  Between 
the  "  Minor  "  and  the  "  Major,"  he  must  spend  at  least  two  years  as  an 
assistant  in  a  pharmacy.  The  requirements  for  the  "Major"  are  nearly 
the  same  in  the  new  plan  as  in  the  old,  but  the  government  proposes  the 
establishment  of  a  special  pharmaceutical  institute  in  Christiania;  the 
lectures  for  pharmaceutical  students  are  to  be  held  partly  at  this  institute, 
partly  at  the  university. 
Sweden. 
These  remarks  I  have  taken  partly  from  a  Swedish  essay^  of  Mr.  M.. 
Holsti,  and  have  partly  obtained  by  correspondence  with  Professor  R.  F. 
Fristedt  in  Upsala,  and  Professor  N.  P.  Hamberg  in  Stockholm,  the  latter 
of  whom,  until  a  few  years  ago,  was  director  of  the  Pharmaceutical  Insti- 
tute in  Stockholm.  I  am  highly  indebted  to  these  two  gentlemen  for  the 
kindness  with  which  they  have  answered  all  my  inquiries. 
According  to  a  law  of  December  19,  1879,  a  "First  or  Preliminary 
Examination"  and  a  special  test  in  Latin  must  be  jmssed  before  the  stu- 
dent enters  the  i^harmacy.  This  examination  must  be  regarded  as  higher 
than  the  corresponding  one  in  Denmark  and  Norway,  and  is  ne~arly  the 
same  as  that  now  demanded  in  Germany.  The  apprenticeship  is  fixed  at 
at  least  three  years.  After  this  he  passes  the  "Minor,"  which  is  here 
called  "  farmaciestudiosi-examen,"  or  "  farmaciekandidat-examen."  After 
1881,  this  examination  can  be  passed  at  "  farmaceutiska  institut  "  in  Stock- 
holm only.  The  requirements  for  the  "  Minor  "  are  nearly  the  same  as  in 
Germany.  The  student  must,  as  in  Germany,  present  his  "  Laborations- 
journal"  at  this  examination. 
He  must  now  stay  a  year  in  a  pharmacy  as  an  assistant,  and  then  he 
may  go  to  Stockholm  and  enter  the  pharmaceutical  institute.  Having 
studied  here  for  at  least  two  years,  he  passes  his  "Major"  ("Apotekare- 
examen")  which  is  more  severe  than  the  Danish  and  Norwegian  "Major," 
and  is  nearly  the  same  as  the  corresponding  German  examination.  This 
examination  is  fixed  by  a  law  of  P'ebruary  25,  1867,  and  having  passed  it 
the  young  man  has  the  title  of  "  Provisor  och  examinerad  apotekare." 
The  pharmaceutical  courses  are  thus  somewhat  higher  in  Sweden  than 
1  "P'inska  lakaresiillskapets  handlingar.''  Adei  toiide  bandet  No.  1.— Helsingfors,  1876.. 
