Am.  Jour  Pharm. ") 
June,  1882.  j 
Modern  Pharmaceutical  Study. 
323 
in  the  two  other  Scandinavian  countries,  and  I  suppose  this  fact  especially 
is  owing  to  the  pliarmaceutical  institute  in  Stockholm,  which  has  been 
active  since  1837,  while  Denmark  and  Norway  until  this  date  lack  such 
estab  1  i  shm  en  ts . 
Austria. 
The  following  information  respecting  pharmaceutical  study  in  Austria, 
I  have  partly  collected  myself  while  on  a  journey  in  that  country  (1879), 
and  partly  have  obtained  later  from  my  friend  Mr.  P.  Stolzissi,  pharma- 
ceutical chemist  in  Wailenkirchen,  Ober-Oesterreich. 
It  is  demanded  by  a  law  of  June  14, 1859,  that,  as  a  Preliminary  exami- 
nation," the  candidate  shall  have  passed  "das  Untergymnasium,"  1  e., 
shall  have  attended  the  classical  school  for  four  years,  and  thus  shall  have 
learned  Latin  and  Greek.  After  having  been  an  apprentice  ("Tyro," 
**Tiro,"  "Lehrling,"  or  "  Praktikant ")  for  at  least  three  years,  he  passes 
his  "Minor"  before  the  board  of  the  "  Gremium "  of  the  province. 
The  "Gremium"  is  a  union  of  the  pharmacists  in  the  province,  and  of 
these  "  Apothekergremien  "  Austria  possesses  thirty-three.  (Bavaria  has 
also  "Apothekergremien.") 
The  Austrian  "Minor"  is  called  "  Tyrocinialprufung  ''^  and  corresponds 
very  nearly  to  the  German  "  Minor." 
Having  passed  this  examination,  the  young  man  is  an  assistant  and 
must  serve  as  such  for  two  years  in  a  pharmacy.  Then  he  may  commence 
his  studies  for  the  "Major"  ("die  pharmaceutische  Staatsprilfung^^). 
These  studies  are  carried  on  at  the  universities  for  two  years,  on  the  follow- 
ing plan  : 
The  first  year;  (1)  Winter-semester:  Physics,  Mineralogy,  Inorganic 
and  Organic  Chemistry — in  each  branch  five  hours  of  lectures  a  week. 
(2)  Summer-semester:  Zoology  and  Botany,  each  eight  hours  a  week, 
Inorganic  and  Organic  Chemistry,  five  hours  a  week.  Then  the  exami- 
nations in  Physics,  Mineralogy,  Zoology  and  Botany  are  held. 
The  second  year :  Pharmaceutical  Chemistry,  five  hours  a  week,  Materia 
Medica,  three  hours  a  week.  Practical  exercises  in  the  chemical  labora- 
tory at  least  ten  hours  a  week  (qualitative,  quantitative  and  forensic 
analyses).  At  the  end  of  this  year  are  first  held  tlie  practical  examina- 
tions (called  "  Magisteria,")  and  afterwards  the  theoretical  examinations 
("  die  Rigorosen  ")  in  Chemistry,  Materia  Medica  and  the  pharmaceutical 
laws.  At  last  he  takes  the  pharmaceutical  oath,  and  is  now  called  "  Mag- 
ister  der  Pharmacie."  Now,  at  length,  he  has  the  right  to  possess  or 
manage  a  pharmacy. 
If  he  wishes  to  be  a  "Doctor  der  Pharmacie,"  he  jnust  present  "  das 
Maturitiitszeugniss,"  i.  e.,  a  certificate  that  he  has  j^assed  all  the  eight 
classes  in  the  "  Gymnasium,"  and  that  he  has  studied  chemistry  for  a  year 
after  he  has  passed  the  "  Major." 
Want  of  sj)ace  does  not  permit  me  to  make  these  remarks  so  complete  as 
I  could  have  wished,  but  further  information  may  be  found  in  tlie  very 
interesting  essay  of  Mr.  Th.  Greenish,  F.C.S.,  in  Phar.  Jour,  and  Trans, 
for  May  4,  1872. 
(To  be  continued.) 
