I 
422  Modern  Fhai'mdccutk'dl  Study.  |  ■''"'J,^^'^^  ^5*2'"*" 
istry  ;  analytical  chemistry  (including  forensic  analysis,  liygieneand  sani-- 
tary  police) ;  (7)  materia  medica ;  (8)  pharmacy. 
Art.  73.  This  law  will  be  in  force  January  1,  18H1. 
This  plan  for  pharmaceutical  study  must  be  regarded  as  one  of  the  best 
at  the  present  day,  and  is  indeed  an  honor  to  Swiss  joharmacy. 
Formerly,  the  number  of  pharmacies  was  a  limited  one,  but  according 
to  the  Bundesgcsetz,  vom  19.  Christmonat,^  1877,  every  pharmacist  who 
has  passed -his  "Major"  is  now  allowed  to  establish  himself  when  and 
where  he  will. 
Spain. 
1  shall  here  translate  that  part  only  of  the  Danish  edition  of  my  remarks 
on  this  country  which  especially  concerns  the  modern  Spanish  jDharma- 
ceutical  study.  All  my  information  obtained  uj^on  this  country  I  have 
obtained  from  Don  Pablo  Prolongo,  the  most  important  pharmacist  in 
Malaga,  through  the  kind  oflfices  of  Mr.  H.  W.  Scholtz,  the  Danish  Consul 
in  that  city. 
Spanish  iDharmacy,  which  in  a  part  of  the  middle  ages — through  the 
influence  of  Arabian  culture — held  the  highest  position  in  the  world,  had, 
about  the  end  of  the  last  century,  fallen  greatly  into  decay.  Then  Don 
Carlos  declared  (in  the  year  1800)  pharmacy  independent  of  medicine,  and 
new  rules  were  formed  for  the  "visitation  "  of  the  i^harniacies  and  for  the 
pharmaceutical  examinations.  In  1804  a  special  pharmaceutical  committee 
was  elected  to  complete  these  reforms,  and  the  result  of  the  activity  of  this 
"  junta  superior  "  was  the  establishment  of  four  pharmaceutical  academies, ^ 
first  in  Madrid  (1815),  later  in  Sevilla,  Barcelona  (now  in  Granada),  and 
Santiago  de  Compostela. 
In  order  to  be  admitted  to  these  four  academies  it  was  only  demanded 
that  the  young  man  should  be  a  "  bachiller  en  filosofia  escolastica  "  (corres- 
ponding to  the  German  "student"  and  the  French  "  bachelier ").  The 
first  year  he  learned  botany,  zoology  and  mineralogy,  which  lectures  lasted 
for  nine  months.  In  the  second  year  he  learned  physics  (three  months) 
and  chemistry  (six  nionths).  In  the  third  year,  materia  medica ;  and  in 
the  fourth  year,  experimental  pharmacy  (theory  and  practice).  When  he 
could  prove  that  he  had  followed  all  these  lectures,  he  might  pass  the 
examination  to  be  a  "  bachiller  en  tarmacia."  Afterwards  he  must  si)end 
two  years  in  practical  work  in  a  lal)oratory,  managed  by  a  pharmaceutical 
teacher,'^  and  if  he  could  at  length  prove  that  he  had  passed  all  his  six  ,>'ears , 
of  study,  he  might  present  himself  for  examination  as  pharmacist  and  then.' 
be  a  "  licenciado  en  farmacia."  If  he  made  further  studies  he  could  become 
a  doctor  in  pharmacy. 
Some  months  ago  the  Spanish  Government  published  a  new  law,  whichi 
arranges  pharmaceutical  study  in  a  very  interesting  way.  This  laAV  has 
the  title  "Real  decreto  de  trece  de  Agosto  de  mil  ochocientos  ochonto "' 
(Royal  decree  of  the  thirteenth  of  August,  1880)  and  embraces  all  the  studies 
^  I.  e.,  December. 
2  A.  Phillippe  unci  H.  Ludwig  :  "  Geschichte  cler  Apotheker,"  Jena,  1858,  p.  1078. 
3  The  letter  of  Don  Pablo  Prolongo  reads  thus:  "  Po5i!erior««en«e  debla  paror  dos  afios 
de  priictica  en  una  oficina  de  un  prolesor  de  la  misnia  facultad  "  (r,  e.,  the  Faculty  of 
Pharmacy). 
