Am  .!our.  Pharm.  "I 
Sept.,  1882.  j 
Modern  Pharmaceutical  Study. 
467 
must  have  passed  the  three  first  classes  in  an  "  institute  tecnico  ;  "  (this 
school  corresponds  to  the  German  "  hohere  Realschule  ;  ")  in  the  last  case 
he  must  pass  a  sjiecial  examination  in  Latin. 
If  these  demands  are  fulfilled,  the  young  man  does  not  begin  his  practi- 
eal  education,  but  commences  immediately  to  follow  the  lectures  at  the 
universities,  where,  according  to  Article  2  of  the  above-mentioned  law, 
special  pharmaceutical  schools  are  to  be  established.  Such  a  "  scuola  di 
farmacia"  already  exists  in  Florence,  where  it  is  connected  with  the 
"  scuola  di  medicina."  The  course  occupies  from  four  to  five  years,  accord- 
ing to  the  two  following  plans. 
A.  Plan  of  study,  requisite  for  the  degree  of  "/armacisifa." 
First  year  :  inorganic  chemistry,  botany,  mineralogy,  physics. — Second 
year:  Organic  chemistry,  botany,  pharmaceutical  and  toxicological 
chemistry,  materia  medica  ;  practical  exercises  in  pharmaceutical  chemis- 
try, toxicology  and  qualitative  analysis. — Third  year :  Continuation  and 
termination  of  the  same  studies  and  exer(3ises  as  in  the  second  year. 
At  the  end  of  every  year  examinations  are  held  in  the  completed  bran- 
ches. After  the  last  of  these  examinations,  the  student  goes  to  a  pharmacy 
•of  a  hospital,  to  a  military  or  other  pharmacy,  which  is  authorized  by  the 
government  to  this  end,  and  there  first  he  commences  his  practical  educa- 
tion which  is  finished  in  one  year.  This  last,  fourth  year  of  study  is  called 
the  "anno  di  pratica,"  and  is  terminated  by  a  final  examination,  which 
includes  qualitative  analysis,  a  chemical  and  a  "galenical"  preparation, 
medical  botany,  materia  medica,  and  the  dispensing  of  prescriiitions. 
B.  Plan  of  study  requisite  for  the  degree  of  "  dottore  (or  "  laureato  ")  in 
<ihimica  e  farmaciay  The  studies  extend  over  five  years,  and  are  divided 
into  two  periods. 
1.  The  first  period  (three  years) :  Inorganic  and  organic  chemistry,  phy- 
sics, pharmaceutical  and  toxicological  chemistry,  botany,  mineralogy,  geo- 
logy, zoology,  materia  medica  and  toxicology. — Practical  exercises  in : 
Physics,  botany,  mineralogy,  materia  medica,  qualitative  analysis  and 
•chemical  preparations. 
2.  The  second  period  (two  years)  :  In  the  fourth  year  the  candidate 
studies  more  especially  qualitative,  toxicological  and  zoochemical  analyses ; 
he  must  also  make  some  sej^arate  studies  in  a  special  branch  of  natural 
science,  chosen  by  himself.  In  the  fifth  year  ("  anno  di  pratica  ")  he  learns 
practical  pharmacy  as  above-mentioned.  Now  he  i^asses  the  final  examina- 
tion which  consists  of  three  parts  ;  the  first  includes  qualitative,  quantita- 
tive and  toxicological  analyses  and  an  oral  examination  in  these  branches 
the  second  part  embraces  two  chemico-pharmaceutical  preparations,  medi- 
cal botany  and  materia  medica  ;  the  third  consists  of  a  dissertation  on  a 
theme,  chosen  by  the  candidate  himself,  and  a  discussion  of  this  disserta- 
tion. It  is  required  of  the  candidate,  who  wishes  to  be  a  "dottore"  in 
pharmacy  that  he  shall  have  passed  the  above-mentioned  "licenza  liceale." 
Gkbkce. 
Tiie  pharmaceutical  course  in  (Greece  resembles  that  of  Italy  in  many 
respects.  "^J'he  following  communications  [  have  obtained  through  a  cor- 
respondence with  Professor  Xavier  Landerer  of  Athens,  who  formerly  was 
