468 
Modern  PhdniKiceuticfd  Sfudi/, 
/  Am.  Jour.  Pliarm-  ^ 
t      Sept.,  1882.  f 
pharniac-ist  to  the  king,  and  from  18H5  to  1868  was  a  teaclier  of  tlie  (ireek 
phannaceutical  studen ts. 
In  the  year  1837  the  university  in  Atiiens  and  the  pharmaceutical  school 
therewith  connected  were  established,  and  from  1837  to  1868  it  was 
required  that  the  student  should  have  reached  the  third  class^  of  the  classi- 
cal school.  Then  he  was  two  years  in  a  pharmacy  as  an  apprentice 
and  afterwards  he  studied  at  the  university  for  two  years  more,  following 
the  lectures  at  the  pharmaceutical  school  in  chemistry,  pharmacy,  materia 
medica,  toxicology,  botany  and  physics.  After  this  he  served  as  an  assist- 
ant for  at  least  a  year,  and  then  passed  a  final  and  practical  examination. 
These  rules  were  changed  in  the  year  1868.  The  above-mentioned 
"  absolutorial  "  examination  is  now  re({uired  before  entrance  upon  the 
study  of  pharmacy,  and  the  student  conmiences  immediately  to  follow  the 
lectures  at  the  university,  without  any  foregoing  practical  education. 
Having  studied  for  three  years  at  the  university,  he  spends  a  year  in  a 
pharmacy  and  then  passes  the  "Major."  This  is  quite  the  same  as  that 
demanded  of  the  Italian  "  farmacista,"  and  I  will,  therefore,  not  tire  the 
reader  with  a  repetition  of  the  whole  plan  of  study,  but  will  refer  him  to 
the  plan  A,  given  in  my  remarks  on  Italy. 
Professor  X.  Landerer,  who  is  himself  a  German,  says  in  one  of  his  let- 
ters to  me  that  he  considers  the  present  standard  of  Greek  pharmaceutical 
examinations  to  be  quite  as  high  as  that  of  the  corresjwnding  ones  in  Ger- 
many. 
Belgium. 
The  pharmacy  of  this  country  has,  as  so  many  other  things  in  Belgium 
a  French  form.  On  a  journey  in  the  spring  of  1880,  I  had  opportunity  to 
notice  this  myself,  and  to  collect  a  part  of  the  following  notes  which  I  have 
made  more  complete  through  a  correspondence  with  Professor  A.  Herlant, 
teacher  in  materia  medica  at  the  pharmaceutical  institute  in  Brussels. 
In  Belgium  pharmaceutical  study  is  made  at  four  special  pharmaceutical 
institutes,  which  are  connected  with  the  four  Belgian  universities  in  Brus- 
sels, Ghent,  Louvain  and  Lifege. 
According  to  the  "  reglement  organique  pour  la  collation  des  grades 
academiques  de  I'universite  libre  de  Bruxelles,"  which  I  obtained  at  the 
questorship  of  the  University  of  Brussels,  the  requirements  at  the  pharma- 
ceutical examinations  are  fixed  hy  Articles  16  and  17  of  the  law  of  May  20, 
1876,  as  follows  : 
A.  The  "candidature'^  en  pharmacie"  requires  only  an  examination, 
which  embraces  the  elements  of  physics,  general  chemistry,  general  and 
medical  botany,  mineralogy  and  geology,  and  also  a  practical  test  in  chem- 
istry. 
B.  The  degree  of  "  pharniacien  "  (i.  e.,  the  "Major")  requires  also  one 
examination,  but  this  may  be  divided  in  two  successive  parts  if  the  candi- 
iThe  third  class  is  the  higliest,  but,  the  final  examination  of  this  class  (the  so-called 
"  absolutoi'ial "  examination)  was  not  formerly  demanded.  This  "  absolntorial  "  exam- 
ination corresponds  thus  to  the  German  "  Maturitiitspriifung,"  and  the  French  "  bacca- 
laureat." 
2This  degree  gives  the  possessor  the  right  to  be  an  assistant  only,  and  thus  corres- 
ponds to  the  German  "  Gehiilfe." 
