^""sepTasS™''}  Modern  PharmaGeutical  Study.  469 
Kiate  prefers.  The  first  part  embraces  the  elements  of  analytical  and  toxico- 
logical  chemistry,  drugs,  posology  and  theoretical  and  practical  pharmacy. 
The  second  part  includes:  (1)  Two  chemical  preparations;  (2)  Two 
"  galenical  "  preparations;  (3)  A  qualitative  analysis;  (4)  A  toxicological 
research  (under  this  also  quantitative  analysis)  ;  (5)  An  analysis  of  a 
remedy  and  the  determination  of  possible  adulteration  (by  means  of  chemi, 
€al  and  microscopical  research) ;  (6)  An  especial  microscopical  analysis  (of 
a  mixture  of  different  sorts  of  flour,  powder,  etc.,  or  of  the  micrographic 
characters  of  a  drug. 
After  the  apprenticeship  in  a  i^harniacy  the  young  man  studies  two 
years  at  the  pharmaceutical  institutes  before  he  passes  the  examination  for 
the  "  candidature  en  pharmacie,"  and  then  two  years  more  before  the 
examination  for  the  title  of  "  pharmacien."  In  the  first  two  years  the 
students  are  matriculated  at  the  "  faeulte  des  sciences,"  in  the  last  two 
years  at  the  "faeulte  de  medicine."  The  pharmaceutical  study  at  the 
university  thus  lasts  in  all  four  years  ;  in  the  last  two  years  the  students 
-are  instructed  in  applied  micrography.  When  the  diploma  as  "pharma- 
-cien  "  is  obtained,  the  successful  candidate  may  establish  himself  when  and 
where  he  will.  By  this  short  communication  one  can  see  that  pharmaceu- 
tical study  in  Belgium  is  very  well  arranged. 
France. 
My  notes  on  the  study  of  pharmacy  in  France  I  have  myself  collected 
from  different  journals,  programmes,  collections  of  laws,  in  the  Biblio- 
theque  Nationale  here  in  Paris.  I  am  highly  indebted  to  Professor 
Planchon  for  the  kindness  with  which  he  has  given  me  all  further  infor- 
mation that  I  desired. 
France  is  the  country  possessing  the  largest  number  of  special  schools  of 
pharmacy,  and  pharmaceutical  study  is  here  so  highly  developed  that,  so 
far  as  I  can  see,  only  Germany  can  compete  wdth  it. 
The  most  famous  school  of  pharmacy  in  France  is  the  Ecole  superieure 
de  pharmacie  de  Paris.  The  present  school  is  situated  in  the  Rue  de  I'Ar- 
talfete,  in  tlie  old  Quartier  Latin,  and  was  founded  as  early  as  the  sixteenth 
•  century  by  the  pharmacist  NicolausHouel,  but  was  at  first  a  very  unimport- 
ant institution.  In  1777  the  schopl  was  much  improved  and  obtained  fixed 
professors.  At  length  Napoleon  Bonaparte  issued  the  law  of  Germinal  21, 
of  the  year  XI  {i.  e.,  April,  11,  1803),  which  ordered  the  establishment  of 
three  large  ^coles  superieures  de  pharmacie  in  Paris,  Strassburg,i  and 
Monti)ellier.  Later,  Louis  Phillippe  issued  an  "  Ordinance  du  Koi  du  Sep- 
tembre  27, 1840,"  which  connected  the  pharmaceutical  scJiools  with  the 
universities,  and  gave  them  tlie  same  rights  as  the  other  departments  of  the 
universities  (for  exauiple  :  Ecole  de  medecine,  Ecole  de  droit,  etc.). 
The  above-mentioned  "Ecole  superieure  de  pharmacie  de  Paris,"  in  the 
Rue  de  I'Arbalete,  is  no  longer  suflflcient  for  the  present  requirements  of 
'After  the  war  W70--71,  this  school  was  transferred  to  Nancy.  The  old  French  phar- 
•maceutical  school  in  Strassburg  is  the  same  whicli  now,  under  the  direction  of  Profes- 
sor Fliickiger,  has  the  title  :  "Das  jphar-tmw^eutisclie  Institnt  der  rniversitiit  za  Strass* 
ihurg." 
