^""sepr'im™'}  Modern  PharmaceiutiGal  Study.  471 
class,  the  candidate  must  prove  that  he  has  passed  the  required  examina- 
tions in  the  classical  school.  Then  he  must  stay  three  years  in  a  pharmacy 
before  he  passes  his  first  pharmaceutical  examination  ("  un  examen  de 
validation  de  stage" ),  which  corresponds  to  the  German  "Gehiilfenprufung." 
This  examination  is  ordered  by  a  decree'  of  December  30, 1878,  and  is  held 
at  the  pharmaceutical  schools  by  a  professor  and  two  pharmacists  of  the 
first  class  ;  it  embraces  (1 )  a  "  galenical  "  or  chemical  preparation  according 
to  the  pharmacopoeia;  (2)  the  preparation  of  a  remedy  after  a  prescription  ; 
(3)  the  determination  of  ten  compound  remedies  and  of  thirty  plants  or 
parts  of  plants,  belonging  to  the  materia  medica,  and  (4)  the  answering  of 
questions  upon  different  pharmaceutical  operations. 
Now  the  student  leaves  the  pharmacy  and  spends  three  years  in  a  school 
of  pharmacy  ;  if  he  intends  to  be  a  pharmacist  of  the  first-class,  he  is  obliged 
to  pursue  his  studies  at  one  of  the  six  higher  pharmaceutical  schools.  At 
the  end  of  each  year  he  passes,  an  examination  ;  the  first  includes :  physics^ 
chemistry,  toxicology,  and  pharmacy ;  the  second  embraces :  botany, 
zoology,  materia  medica,  hydrology,  and  mineralogy  ;  the  third  consists  of 
pharmaceutical  and  chemical  preparations.  At  the  first  examination  the 
candidate  must  make  a  chemical  analysis,  and  at  the  second  a  microscopical 
preparation.  At  the  third  examination  he  is  given  four  days  to  make  the 
required  preparations  under  the  survey  of  a  professor ;  the  oral  test  at  this 
last  examination  is  held  in  two  sittings. 
"  Le  diplome  superieur  de  pharmacien  de  premiere  classe  "  can  be  given 
to  the  pharmacists  of  the  first  class  after  the  defence  of  a  thesis  and  some 
new  and  very  severe  examinations. 
Pharmaceutical  study  in  France,  at  least  in  the  six  higher  schools  and 
especiall3^  in  the  Parisian  school,  nmst  be  regarded  as  having  attained 
as  high  a  state  of  development  as  any  in  Europe.  I  shall  not  here  tire 
the  reader  with  a  complete  review  of  these  studies,  but  only  refer  to  the 
progromrries'^  of  the  respective  schools. 
Here  I  shall  end  these  short  remarks  on  the  j^resent  state  of  pharma- 
ceutical study.  It  is  not  for  me  to  make  the  application  of  these  notes  to 
English  pharmacy,  since  I  know  too  little  of  its  needs.  My  desire  has  been 
only  to  give  a  short  report  of  what  I  have  seen  and  learned  of  the  important 
educational  foundation  of  our  profession.  I  could  have  wished  to  make 
these  communications  at  least  as  complete  as  in  the  original  Danish  edition, 
but  a  journal  is  not  the  right  place  for  such  more  comprehensive  researches, 
and  therefore,  I  must  beg  my  colleagues  to  receive  my  notes  as  they 
now  lie  before  them,  and  I  shall  be  very  happy  if,  in  this  abbreviated 
form,  their  interest  have  been  preserved. 
^Journal  Officiel,  January  7,  1879. 
-For  example :  "  Programmes  des  cours  de  I'Ecole  supereuree  de  pharmacie  de  Paris, 
premier  et  second  semestre."  -'Programmes  des  cours  complementaires  de  la  mome 
ecole."  The  publisher  is  Dunod,  Quai  des  Augustins,  No.  49,  Paris.  The  price  is  one 
franc  and  fifty  centimes  for  all  the  three  programmes. 
