INTRODUCTION  OF  THE  CINCHONA  TREES  INTO  INDIA.  37 
stones.  The  plants,  well  covered  with  the  tent  and  blankets, 
were  placed  by  my  side  during  the  night  with  the  thermometer 
between  us,  which,  at  6  A.  M.,  was  at  20^.  The  days  and  nights 
bitterly  cold,  but  very  fine,  and  generally  cloudless.  On  the 
19th  I  was  10  hours  in  the  saddle,  and  passed  the  night  again  in 
an  abandoned  hut  with  the  plants  beside  me,  where  the  minimum 
of  the  thermometer  was  30^.  Two  more  journeys  of  similar 
length,  when  the  minimum  during  the  night  of  the  21st  was 
21^,  and  of  the  22d,  16°,  brought  me  to  Vilque,  where  I  pro- 
cured an  arriero  and  mules  to  convey  me  to  Arequipa.  The 
suflferings  during  my  six  days'  journey  over  the  lofty  plains  from 
Sandia  to  Vilque  were  very  great.  The  cold  was  intense,  the 
work  I  had  with  the  vicious,  unmanageable  mules  was  a  constant 
source  of  anxiety,  and  I  had  no  food  whatever  beyond  a  little 
parched  maize.  Every  day  I  was  upwards  of  10  hours  in  the 
saddle." 
It  will  be  seen  by  the  above  extracts  from  Mr.  Markham's 
report,  that  he  had  to  contend  with  great  difficulties  and  dangers  in 
his  journey,  and  that  he  surmounted  them  with  much  energy  and 
courage.  Every  one  must  admit  the  truth  of  this.  Ultimately, 
he  succeeded  in  obtaining,  and  conveying  to  Tslay,  529  plants 
of  Cinchonas,  chiefly,  he  states,  of  that  species  called  Calisaya. 
Of  these  plants,  however,  73  perished  by  cold,  or  were  broken, 
or  otherwise  injured  in  their  passage  across  the  region  of  the 
Andes ;  and  when  we  consider  the  intense  cold  of  that  region, 
the  extent  of  country  through  which  the  plants  were  conveyed 
(upwards  of  300  miles,)  and  the  otherwise  difficult  nature  of  the 
district  traversed,  this  must  be  regarded  as  a  very  fair  result. 
The  remaining  456  plants  were  forwarded  in  Wardian  cases  to 
this  country.  These  cases  reached  Southampton  in  safety,  and 
it  is  stated  that  216  plants  had,  on  their  arrival,  already  begun 
to  throw  out  shoots,  while  over  60  more  were  still  alive.  The 
remaining  180  plants  we  suppose  perished  on  their  way  from 
Islay  to  Southampton ;  and  when  we  inform  our  readers  that  the 
cases  of  plants,  instead  of  being  carried  directly  from  Islay  by  a 
steamer  to  India,  which  would  have  been  by  far  the  best  mode 
of  transit,  were  taken  first  to  Panama,  and  then  across  the 
Isthmus,  and  then  by  way  of  the  West  Indies  to  England,  we 
can  only  express  our  surprise  that  so  many  plants  survived  the 
