1 8  Distillatory  Apparatus.  {A^Z^8P78arm* 
An  iron  stand,  N,  adjusted  by  raising  or  lowering  the  U-shaped  sup- 
port, and  fastening  at  any  required  angle,  by  means  of  the  screw  in  the 
centre,  is  a  convenient  way  of  supporting  and  keeping  in  place  the 
whole  apparatus — but  this  may  be  replaced  by  a  wooden  box,  cut  so  as 
to  receive  the  condenser  and  blocked  up  from  below  to  the  proper 
height  as  required. 
The  joint  between  the  still  and  dome  is  best  made  by  inserting  a 
wetted  hempen  cord — as  used  in  Dr.  Squibb's  laboratory,  Brooklyn — 
(the  thick  twine  which  is  used  by  the  paper  manufacturers  to  bundle 
reams  of  wrapping  paper  answers  very  well),  between  the  two  brass 
rims  B,  C,  and  clamping  together,  placing  the  clamps  at  equal  dis- 
tances, and  arranging  alternately,  so  as  to  secure  a  uniform  pressure. 
The  advantages  which  seem  to  be  possessed  by  this  distillatory  appa- 
ratus are  as  follows  :  All  parts  may  be  readily  cleaned,  and,  as  it  is 
intended  for  the  use  of  the  pharmacist,  in  the  limited  space  usually 
afforded  for  manipulations,  care  has  been  taken  to  make  it  as  compact 
as  is  consistent  with  safety  and  efficiency.  The  condenser  has  the 
advantage  of  the  worm  in  affording  extent  of  surface  to  the  refrigerating 
action  of  the  cold  water,  and  is  seven  times  more  efficient  than  the 
ordinary  Liebig's  condenser,  from  the  fact  that  seven  tubes  are  employed 
instead  of  one.  The  advantage  of  the  Liebig  is  retained — that  of  the 
facility  with  which  it  may  be  cleaned  by  simply  passing  a  rattan,  armed 
with  a  sponge  or  muslin  rag,  which  is  tied  around  the  end,  through 
each  straight  tube  in  turn,  and  rinsing  with  warm  water  or  suitable 
liquid.  The  disadvantage  of  the  worm  for  pharmaceutical  use,  i.  e., 
the  great  difficulty  in  cleaning,  especially  when  the  still  is  needed  for  a 
variety  of  purposes,  is  thus  avoided. 
The  principle  of  increasing  the  extent  of  surface  to  obtain  greater 
efficiency  without  adding  materially  to  the  size,  which  has  been  used 
so  long  in  the  construction  of  locomotive  boilers,  was  taken  advantage 
of  here,  with  the  view  of  getting  similar  advantages  by  the  reverse 
effect.  The  diameter  of  the  tube  being  I  inch,  and  length  exposed  to 
the  refrigerating  action  of  water  24,  the  area  would  be  slightly  over 
75  inches  ;  this,  multiplied  by  seven,  gives  the  whole  extent  of  surface, 
525  inches.  Now,  the  diameter  of  the  outside  cylinder  surrounding 
the  tubes  is  5  inches,  this  multiplied  by  3*1416,  and  this  by  24,  would 
give  the  surface  of  the  cylinder,  nearly  377  inches,  and  this  lacks  about 
30  per  cent,  of  the  extent  of  surface  of  the  seven  inside  tubes  ;  so  that 
