35 2  The  Mineral  Springs  of  Turkey.  {Xm)X%^m' 
solution  of  codeia  very  much  ;  solution  of  strychnia  is  scarcely  altered, 
that  of  brucia  turns  brown.  It  is  evident  that  the  amount  of  solubility 
is  of  prominent  importance  in  these  experiments,  codeia  as  well  as 
brucia  being  much  more  abundantly  soluble  than  morphia  or  strychnia. 
Further  experiments  relating  to  these  remarkable  effects  of  sunshine 
should  be  simultaneously  instituted  by  means  of  other  solvents  than 
water. 
I  thought  my  few  observations  worthy  of  notice,  inasmuch  as  they 
refer  to  quinia  itself,  other  chemists  having  examined  its  salts.  It 
would  appear  that  the  absence  of  acids  prevents  the  formation  of 
quinicia. — Pharm.  Journ.  and  Trans.,  May  nth. 
THE  MINERAL  SPRINGS  OF  TURKEY. 
By  X.  Landerer. 
These  springs  may  be  arranged,  according  to  their  chief  constituents,  as  follows  : 
Sulphur  springs  (theiothermae),  Chalybeate  springs,  Alkaline  springs.  Carbonic  Acid 
springs. 
SULPHUR  SPRINGS. —  Tchesme  (now  Kallede).— The  peninsula  was  called 
by  the  ancients  Myonesus,  from  the  large  number  of  mice  found  there.  In  the 
neighborhood  are  found  the  ruins  of  Erythrea.  The  springs  were  known  to  the 
ancients  (see  Pausanias)  and  seem  to  have  been  in  great  repute,  to  judge  from  the 
magnificent  remains  of  buildings  in  the  immediate  environs. 
The  temperature  of  the  water  averages  i45°F.  (5o°R.),  and  some  of  the  springs 
reach  i58°F.  (6o°R.)  They  are  very  efficacious  in  skin  diseases,  rheumatic  affec- 
tions and  scrofulous  diseases. 
Nissyros  (formerly  Porphyris). — It  is  a  small  island  only  a  few  miles  in  diameter, 
and  with  about  3,000  inhabitants.  In  the  centre  of  the  island  is  found  a  large  cavity 
containing  a  large  quantity  of  sulphur,  and  here  is  found  the  spring  called  by  the 
inhabitants  bromoneri  (stinking  water).  From  most  of  the  fissures  escape  vapors  of 
sulphuretted  hydrogen  of  quite  a  high  temperature.  In  one  place  a  house  is  built 
over  such  a  fissure  for  the  use  of  persons  who  wish  to  take  a  sulphuretted  steam 
bath  5  this  is  called  Pyria. 
Adramiti. — Although  strongly  sulphuretted,  no  facilities  exist,  and  the  patients 
are  obliged  to  dig  holes  in  the  neighborhood,  conduct  the  water  there,  and  bathe  in 
this  way.  These  waters  are  said  to  be  very  efficacious  taken  internally  in  consump- 
tion and  in  asthma. 
Lemnos  has  from  old  times  been  considered  as  the  abode  of  Vulcan,  and  is  now 
nearly  uninhabited,  owing  to  repeated  eruptions  of  lava.  There  exist  two  springs, 
one  chalybeate  and  the  other  sulphuretted. 
Smokobo  has  been  renowned  from  the  earliest  times.  There  exist  two  basins,  one 
of  which  is  reserved  for  the  use  of  animals. 
