32Q 
Varieties. 
f  Air.  Jour.  Pharm. 
\      June,  1877. 
The  standard  of  pharmacy  and  pharmaceutical  education  in  the  United  States  is 
not  uniform,  because  it  is  not  obligatory  5  and  until  recently  it  has  been  left  entirely 
to  individual  option  and  efforts.  While  sporadic  attempts  toward  some  kind  of 
legal  regulation  have  mostly  failed  of  virtual  effect,  yet  a  strong  and  increasing  body 
of  accomplished  pharmacists,  largely  strengthened  by  the  immigrated  German 
element,  has  grown  up;  and,  by  its  influence  and  efforts,  has  contributed  gradually 
to  raise  the  standard  of  pharmacy,  and  to  attain,  in  several  states,  and  in  a  number 
of  the  largest  cities,  some  authoritative  control  of  the  qualification  of  pharmacists. 
Chartered  local  associations  (colleges  of  pharmacy)  have  been  established  in  these 
cities  and  states,  and  they  have,  in  pursuit  of  their  aims  and  objects,  founded  schools 
of  pharmacy.  Chartered  schools  of  pharmacy  were  in  existence,  in  1876,  in  the 
following  cities:  Philadelphia  (founded  in  1821),-  New  York  (1831)5  Baltimore 
(1855);  Chicago  (1859)  ;  Boston  ( 1 867)  ;  Ann  Arbor  (1868)5  Cincinnati  (1 870)  5. 
St.  Louis  (1871)5  Louisville  (1871)5  San  Francisco  (1872);  Washington,  D.  C 
(1873);  Nashville  (1873).  These  institutions  grant,  upon  their  own  mutually 
recognized  authority,  diplomas  with  the  degree  of  Graduate  of  Pharmacy  to  those 
candidates,  without  regard  as  yet  to  their  preliminary  education,  who  have  had 
experience  in  drug-stores  for  four  years,  have  attended  at  least  two  courses  of 
lectures  at  one  of  the  pharmaceutical  schools,  or  at  some  medical  or  kindred 
college,  where  chemistry,  chemical  analysis,  botany,  pharmacognosy,  and  practical 
pharmacy  are  taught,  and  who  subsequently  have  passed  a  satisfactory  examination 
before  a  board  of  trustees  of  the  College  of  Pharmacy.  The  colleges  and  schools 
of  pharmacy  in  the  United  States  have  thus  far  acted  harmoniously  in  their  volun- 
tary and  successsful  efforts  for  a  gradual  and  uniform  elevation  of  the  scope  and  the 
standard  of  education  a  proficiency  among  pharmacists.  The  most  serious  draw- 
back to  general  and  permanent  results  consists  in  the  absence  of  any  efficient 
authoritative  national  or  state  restriction  and  control  of  the  practice  of  pharmacy  , 
and  in  a  consequent  excessive  and  detrimental  overcrowding  of  the  profession,  and 
for  causes  previously  stated,  in  a  general  decrease  in  the  compass  of  legitimate 
application,  and  in  the  resources  and  material  prosperity  of  the  art  of  pharmacy. 
F.  Hoffmann.    From  advance  sheets  of  "  Kiddle  and  Schem's  Cyclopaedia  of  Education." 
Pharmaceutical  Statistics  of  France. — At  the  beginning  of  the  present  year  there 
were  in  France  2,121  pharmacists  of  the  first  class  and  4,089  of  the  second  class — 
total,  6,210  pharmaciens.  During  the  preceding  ten  years  the  number  of  first  class 
pharmacists  has  decreased  over  13  per  cent.,  while  those  of  the  second  class  have 
increased  over  22  per  cent.  In  1866,  France  had  2,457  pharmacists  of  the  first  and 
3,346  of  the  second  class,  the  total  number  then  being  5,803.  The  Department  of 
the  Seine  alone  has  820  pharmacists,  of  whom  495  are  of  the  first  and  325  of  the 
second  class.  During  the  73  years  preceding  January  1,  1876,  there  have  been 
granted  in  France  16,650  pharmaceutical  degrees. — Rep.  de  Phar.y  1877,  p.  63. 
An  excellent  cement  or  paste,  possessing  great  adhesive  properties  and  applicable 
for  leather,  wood,  etc.,  is  obtained  by  coagulating  milk  by  means  of  acetic  acid, 
