AmNo°vU%f7h7arm'}  The  Manufacture  of  Oil  of  Turpentine,  etc.  543 
The  actual  cost  of  raising  hops  is,  on  an  average,  about  ten  cents 
per  pound.  Their  price  is  as  variable  as  the  crop  is  uncertain,  having 
ranged  within  the  past  few  years  from  the  actual  cost  of  production  to 
fifty  and  even  sixty  cents  per  pound  ;  most  years  the  crop  brings  a 
price  which  is  remunerative  to  the  grower,  and,  in  fact,  the  culture  of 
hops,  if  carried  on  for  a  succession  of  years,  is  said  to  pay  better  than 
most  any  other  kind  of  farming. 
THE  MANUFACTURE  OF  OIL  OF  TURPENTINE,  ROSIN 
AND  TURPENTINE. 
By  Isidore  Zacharias,  Ph.  G. 
From  an  Inaugural  Essay. 
Turpentine  is  the  oleoresin  of  Pinus  palustris  and  other  species  of 
Pinus.  This  is  a  large  indigenous  tree,  growing  in  dry,  sandy  soils,  from 
the  southern  part  of  Virginia  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico;  it  is  60  to  70 
feet  high,  and  the  diameter  of  its  trunk  about  15  or  18  inches  for  two-third 
of  its  height ;  the  leaves  are  about  a  foot  in  length,  of  a  brilliant  green 
color,  and  united  in  bunches  at  the  ends  of  the  branches.  The  manu- 
facture of  turpentine  was  for  a  long  time  only  carried  on  in  North 
and  South  Carolina,  but,  since  the  last  few  years,  Messrs.  Lippman 
Brothers,  of  Savannah,  Ga.,  had  their  attention  attracted  by  the  vast 
forests  of  pine  trees  in  Georgia  and  Florida,  and  to  them  is  due  the 
credit  of  having  opened  a  branch  -of  business  which  is  increasing  yearly. 
The  number  of  barrels  received  the  first  year  were  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  3,850  ;  the  receipts  for  last  year  amounted  to  about  28,000 
barrels  rosin  and  turpentine. 
The  mode  of  extracting  the  crude  turpentine  from  the  trees  is  as 
follows  :  During  the  fall  and  winter  of  the  year  the  trees  are,  what  is 
termed  by  manufacturers  of  turpentine,  "  boxed,"  excavations  are 
made  into  the  trunk  of  the  trees  about  6  to  8  inches  above  the  roots  ; 
the  shape  of  these  so  called  "  boxes  "  are  somewhat  peculiar,  the  lower 
lip  is  horizontal,  the  upper  arched,  the  bottom  of  the  "  box  "  is  about 
5  inches  below  the  lower  lip  and  8  to  10  below  the  upper  ;  the  capacity 
of  these  "  boxes  "  varies  between  J  to  1  gallon.  In  a  day  or  two  after 
the  "  boxes  "  are  made,  the  trees  are  deprived  of  the  bark  to  the  height 
of  about  3  feet  above  the  "  box,"  and  also  some  of  the  wood  is 
scraped  off,  in  order  to  allow  the  so-called  crude  to  exude  ;  this  is  termed 
