-Am.  Jour.  Pharm. 
May,  1894. 
Colleges  and  Associations. 
259 
may  have.  (5)  Draw  a  diagram  of  a  fusiform  root,  pointing  out  the  head,  neck 
and  root  proper. 
C—The  Stem.  (1)  How  does  a  stem  differ  from  a  root  (a)  in  the  appendages 
it  bears  and  (b)  in  its  mode  of  growing  in  length  ?  (2)  What  organs  must  every 
bud  include  ?  (3)  At  what  points  on  a  stem  do  buds  regularly  appear  ?  (4) 
Define  a  supernumerary  bud.  (5)  What  name  would  you  apply  to  such  a  stem 
as  that  of  the  wheat  or  corn  ?  (6)  How  would  you  distinguish  a  rhizome  from 
a  root  ? 
D — Phyltotaxy.  (1)  In  the  y%  phyllotaxy,  what  is  the  angular  distance  in 
degrees  from  one  leaf  to  the  next  one  in  the  same  cycle  ?  (2)  How  many  ver- 
tical rows  of  leaves  or  orthostichies  on  a  stem  having  the  T\  phyllotaxy  ?  (3) 
Suppose  the  first  two  members  of  a  series  of  alternate  phyllotaxies  were  lA  and 
X,  what  would  the  next  number  of  the  series  be  ? 
E — Leaf  Forms.  (1)  Draw  a  leaf  which  is  described  as  follows:  petiolate, 
exstipulate,  lamina  spatulate,  apex  emarginate,  base  obtuse,  margin  entire. 
(2)  How  many  leaflets  in  a  quadrate  leaf?  (3)  How  many  leaflets  has  a  quad- 
riternate  leaf? 
F—Anthotaxy.  (1)  Name  the  two  principal  types  of  anthotaxy,  and  state  how 
they  differ  from  each  other.  (2)  Give  the  names  appropriate  to  each  of  the 
following  kinds  of  flower  clusters  :  that  of  the  carrot,  that  of  the  sunflower, 
that  of  the  currant,  that  of  the  forget-me-not,  and  that  of  the  Indian  turnip. 
(3)  Name  a  familiar  plant  whose  flowers  are  arranged  in  verticillasters. 
G — (1)  In  what  three  different  ways  may  anthers  be  inserted  on  their  fila- 
ments? (2)  Define  an  introrse  anther.  (3)  Draw  a  diagram  of  a  cross-section 
of  a  three  carpelled,  unilocular  ovary  whose  placentation  is  marginal.  (4)  What 
are  entomophilous  flowers  ?  (5)  Give  the  appropriate  botanical  names  of  each 
of  the  following  fruits  :  a  plum,  a  grain  of  wheat,  and  a  lemon.  (6)  Name  a 
fruit  that  is  a  silique,  one  that  is  a  sorosis,  and  one  that  is  a  tryma.  (7)  What 
two  scars  occur  on  every  seed  ?  (8)  Write  the  botanical  names  of  two  plants 
belonging  to  the  thallophyta,  and  state  the  class  to  which  each  belongs.  (9) 
To  what  series,  class  and  sub-class  do  each  of  the  following  plants  belong  : 
barley,  spruce,  fern  and  potato  ?  (10)  Name  what  seem  to  you  the  three  most 
important  characteristics  of  dicotyls,  besides  the  fact  that  their  embryos  are 
•dicotyledonous. 
H—(i)  Write  the  U.S.P.  names  of  two  very  potent  alkaloidal  leaf-drugs, 
giving  also  the  name  of  the  principal  alkaloid  in  each  case.  (2)  Write  the 
common  names  of  the  drugs  that  contain,  respectively,  the  following  active 
principles  :  cathartic  acid,  hygrine  and  artanthic  acid.  (3)  Write  the  botanical 
names  of  three  plants  yielding  leaf  or  flower  drugs  possessing  the  following 
properties,  respectively  :  sialagogue,  mydriatic  and  expectorant.  (4)  State 
what  seems  to  you  the  one  most  characteristic  structural  difference  between 
matricaria  and  anthemis.  (5)  Write  the  U.S.P.  names  of  three  leaf-drugs  in 
which  the  leaves  are  punctate  with  internal  glands.  (6)  Write  the  common 
name  of  a  drug  studied  in  this  course  that  owes  its  activity  wholly  or  largely 
to  the  presence  of  a  volatile  alkaloid.  (7)  Write  the  official  names  of  two 
diuretic-tonic  leaf-drugs  derived  from  different  natural  orders,  naming  the 
natural  orders  in  each  case.  (8)  From  what  natural  orders  are  the  following 
drugs  respectively  derived  :  eucalyptus,  coca  and  thea  ?  (9)  Name  four  differ- 
ent drugs  that  contain  caffeine.    (10)  What  poisonous  drug  studied  in  this 
