292  American  Pharmaceutical  Association.  {Am'jJne%Soarm* 
must  be  hand  in  hand  with  the  things  that  are  taught,  as  these  are  worked  out 
in  the  world  ;  for  it  is  things  and  not  theories  that  are  taught  in  colleges. 
Time  has  passed  when  a  college  can  continue  to  live  shut  in  from  the  breath  of 
life,  the  field  of  action.  Here  is  the  telephone,  the  ice-making  machine,  the 
coal-tar  products — they  are  not  theories,  they  are  facts,  and  to  be  taught  as 
such. 
"  Actual  business  interest  never  works  against  the  interest  of  science  in  the 
final  test.  In  the  universities  at  present  there  are  being  established  broad  and 
unbiased  studies  of  industrial  economy  and  higher  commercialism.  In  our 
trade  associations  measures  of  relief  are  being  put  to  trial  by  men  of  practical 
vigor.  Bach  set  of  workers  may  and  will  learn  from  the  o.her,  and  add  to  the 
common  stock  of  advantage." 
In  reference  to  the  subject  of  specialization  he  said  : 
"  With  this  view  of  the  extended  range  of  pharmaceutical  sciences  and  the 
separate  branches  of  pharmaceutical  practice,  we  should  be  ready  to  welcome 
the  service  of  specialists  and  to  provide  for  their  training,  all  in  the  fold  of 
pharmacy.  As  truly  as  we  have  retail  and  wholesale  and  manufacturing  houses, 
or  as  different  men  do  different  things  in  a  common  drug  store,  so  surely  must 
each  line  of  practice  employ  scientific  specialists  in  its  own  range  of  work. 
' '  It  is  not  every  druggist  that  is  to  open  an  analytical  laboratory  for  the  aid 
of  busy  physicians  and  health  officers  ;  it  is  but  enough  to  meet  the  demand, 
and  a  very  good  beginning  has  been  made  in  many  places.  Already  bacteri- 
ology is  an  employment,  usually  with  other  duty,  in  a  few  retail  establish- 
ments; the  call  for  it  is  increasing  without  doubt,  and  by  all  means  to  be  culti- 
vated, but  I  do  not  think  it  likely  that  the  majority  of  graduates  in  pharmacy 
will  ever  be  competent  bacteriologists.  The  same  may  be  said  of  physiological 
chemistry  and  of  practical  pharmacology.  The  latter  is  in  increasing  demand, 
is  extensively  required  now  in  manufacturing  houses  and  may  become  im- 
portant as  an  analytical  method  in  valuation.  Food  and  water  analyses,  as 
specialties,  belong  in  the  profession  of  pharmacy,  of  course  not  exclusively. 
Advanced  pharmacognosy  has  already  been  mentioned  as  a  specialty  in  whole- 
sale work.  Analytical  chemistry,  the  earliest  of  these  applications  of  science, 
is  now  well  established  in  a  large  number  of  houses — retail,  wholesale  and 
manufacturing — and  is  finding  the  economical  limit  of  its  usefulness,  which 
extends  as  the  standards  of  the  Pharmacopoeia  are  more  and  more  enforced. 
Next  in  the  advance  is  the  carrying  of  chemical  analysis  into  organic  work  and 
the  estimation  of  potent  principles,  a  science  for  which  pharmacy  is  mainly 
responsible  and  most  directly  interested.  There  will  be  more  use  of  these 
several  sciences  in  the  practice  of  pharmacy  when  the  sciences  make  themselves 
more  capable  to  answer  its  practical  questions. 
"The  training  for  these  specialties,  as  it  seems  to  me,  can  be  carried  as 
advanced  studies  in  the  colleges  of  pharmacy  in  one  of  two  ways,  or  in  both. 
First,  undergraduate  time  can  be  found  for  one  advanced  study  which  each 
student  must  elect  from  among  several  offered.  Second,  the  several  advanced 
studies  can  be  offered  to  graduate  students,  some  of  whom  would  select  one  or 
more  of  these  studies  for  graduate  work  in  training  for  special  service.  The 
regular  studies  should  not  be  supplanted  by  the  specialties.  In  going  beyond 
the  regular  studies  a  student  gains  more  by  thorough  work  in  one  subject 
than  by  scattered  work  in  various  subjects.    Finally,  students  of  insufficient 
