796  Industrial  Organic  Chemistry.       { Am'^™r\giSarm' 
Let  us  briefly  view  some  of  these  industrial  organic  developments 
as  they  existed  prior  to  1914. 
The  American  petroleum  industry  easily  ranked  as  the  first  in 
importance  in  supplying  the  world  with  the  various  products  of  min- 
eral oil. 
Of  a  total  annual  world's  production  in  1914  of  over  400,000,000 
barrels,  the  United  States  produced  265,762,000  barrels,  or  just  about 
two  thirds,  while  Russia,  the  next  in  rank,  produced  67,000,000 
barrels,  or  16.7  per  cent,  of  the  total  amount. 
But  it  is  not  only  the  raw  material  production  that  is  to  be  con- 
sidered. By  far  the  larger  proportion  of  this  crude  oil  was  refined 
in  the  United  States  and  from  it  were  made  gasoline,  kerosene, 
lubricating  oils  in  great  variety,  paraffin  and  paraffin  candles,  vaseline 
and  similar  products.  These  products  were  not  alone  for  the 
American  market  but  went  all  over  the  world. 
We  also  had  a  great  and  well-developed  industry  in  the  extrac- 
tion, refining  and  working  up  of  vegetable  and  animal  fats  and  oils. 
A  peculiarly  American  industry  was  the  cotton-seed  oil  and  cake 
industry.  Hundreds  of  mills  throughout  our  Southern  States  were 
devoted  to  the  crushing  of  the  seed  and  the  preparation  of  the  cake, 
while  the  refining  of  the  oil  and  the  making  of  the  finest  edible 
products  was  carried  out  in  large  plants.  The  enormous  production 
of  lard  and  lard  oil  by  our  great  packing  companies  and  the  prepara- 
ration  of  oleo  oil  for  foreign  shipment  was  also  an  important  and 
well-established  American  industry.  As  a  side  product,  the  extrac- 
tion and  refining  of  glycerin  had  also  become  well  established  and 
the  American  soap  industry  was  also  well  developed  and  a  large 
export  business  already  inaugurated. 
The  utilization  of  linseed  oil  for  paint  oils  and  in  the  manu- 
facture of  linoleum  and  oilcloth  had  also  reached  a  high  develop- 
ment at  the  hands  of  American  technologists. 
The  great  naval  stores  industries,  involving  the  production  and 
utilization  of  American  turpentine  and  rosin,  had  also  been  well 
developed  and  many  minor  chemical  industries  based  upon  them. 
America  was  also  one  of  the  largest  consumers  in  the  world  of  rub- 
ber and,  thanks  to  the  manufacture  of  all  classes  of  rubber  and 
waterproofed  goods  and  to  the  utilization  for  automobile  tires,  the 
working  of  rubber  had  been  extensively  developed. 
The  refining  of  sugar,  in  part  produced  in  the  United  States  and 
the  neighboring  West  India  Islands  and  in  part  from  imported  Eu- 
