804  Industrial  Organic  Chemistry.       { Am'NJ0°vur'I9PIh8arm' 
ing  and  can  not  fail  to  arrest  attention,  it  is  only  when  we  look  more 
fully  into  the  details  that  we  get  an  adequate  understanding  of  the 
great  industrial  achievement  that  has  been  wrought  in  the  last  four 
years. 
First  as  to  our  dependence  upon  foreign  sources,  chiefly  German, 
for  our  dyestuffs  at  the  beginning  of  the  war  in  1914.  We  were 
then  making  in  this  country  a  bare  one  fifth  of  our  needs  out  of 
foreign  materials  and  had  neither  crudes  or  intermediates  to  speak 
of.  Dye  imports  from  Germany  in  1914  were  valued  at  $5,965,537 ; 
in  191 6  they  were  valued  at  $849,  in  191 7  at  $464,499,  and  in  191 8 
at  $3,048.  The  relatively  large  amount  for  191 7  represents  ship- 
ments held  at  first  in  Great  Britain  but  released  later  on  appeal.  Do 
we  still  import  any  dyestuffs?  Yes.  There  are  two  reasons  for 
importing  from  Switzerland  and  Great  Britain  mainly,  certain  dye 
colors. 
The  new  American  dye  industry  did  not  at  once  attempt  to  du- 
plicate the  900  or  more  supposedly  distinct  synthetic  dyes  of  the 
German  dealers,  but  took  up  the  most  important  classes  and  pro- 
duced a  moderate  number  of  representative  dyes,  covering  as  far  as 
possible  the  coloring  or  tinctorial  needs  of  the  textile  trade  and 
some  of  the  finer  shades  are  still  missing,  hence  the  Swiss  impor- 
tations. 
The  other  reason  and  perhaps  the  more  important  one  was  that 
Congress,  in  the  enactment  of  our  present  tariff  law,  cut  off  the 
advalorem  duty  on  indigo  and  alizarine  products,  which  caused 
manufacturers  to  leave  the  production  of  these  very  important  prod- 
ucts until  they  had  covered  the  need  in  the  other  groups  more  fully. 
However,  synthetic  indigo  of  American  manufacture  is  already 
on  the  market  and  there  will  be  three  sources  of  supply  for  it  in 
1918,  one  of  which  promises  to  supply  at  least  one  half  of  what  the 
American  trade  will  need  for  the  year.  Similarly  artificial  alizarine 
of  American  manufacture,  made  in  Brooklyn,  in  fact,  will  be  avail- 
able in  large  quantities  from  this  time  on. 
Meanwhile  approximately  three  fourths  of  the  dyestuffs  needed 
are  being  produced  and  some  colors  in  such  quantity  that  an  export 
trade  has  been  started.  Let  us  note  that  for  the  year  ending  June, 
1916,  the  exports  of  all  varieties  of  dyestuffs — aniline  dyes,  logwood 
extract  and  all  other  totalled  $5,102,002  in  value,  but  the  bulk  of 
these  were  vegetable  colors  including  logwood  extract.  In  1917* 
the  valuation  of  the  exports  had  leaped  to  $11,709,287,  with  an  in- 
