AmNovUr'i9i8arm'  J      Industrial  Organic  Chemistry.  805 
creasing  amount  of  such  colors  as  sulphur  black  and  the  simpler 
aniline  colors.  In  1918,  and  this  shows  the  quality  as  well  as  quan- 
tity of  development,  the  total  exports  of  dyestuffs  were  valued  at 
$16,921,888.  Of  this,  total  aniline  colors  make  $7,298,298,  logwood 
extract  $2,339,480  and  all  other  $7,284,110.  It  will  be  noted  that 
the  aniline  colors  alone  exceeded  in'  value  the  dyestuff  importations 
from  Germany  in  1914. 
But  the  main  market  for  which  these  dyes  are  being  made,  and 
for  the  permanent  relief  of  which  a  great  American  industry  has 
been  created  is  the  United  States  market  and  the  way  in  which  this 
has  been  done,  is  deserving  of  a  more  detailed  examination. 
With  the  shutting  off  of  the  foreign  sources  of  supply  in  1914, 
not  only  was  the  need  of  an  American  dye  industry  made  clear,  but 
the  manufacture  of  munitions  and  the  filling  of  foreign  orders  for 
the  same  called  for  coal-tar  products.  The  manufacture  of  phenol, 
of  picric  acid  and  of  tri-nitro-toluol  all  demanded  an  immediate 
supply  of  coal-tar  crudes.  So  the  gas  works,  the  byproduct  coke 
ovens  and  the  tar  distillers  all  united  to  increased  and  intensive  pro- 
duction. I  need  only  refer  to  the  lists  of  such  great  companies  as 
the  Semet-Solvay  Co.,  the  United  Gas  Improvement  Co.,  and  the 
Barrett  Manufacturing  Co.  as  illustrating  the  achievements  in  this 
production  of  coal-tar  crudes.  For  the  increased  production  of 
benzol  and  toluol  the  Ordnance  Division  of  the  War  Department  has 
also  started  to  establish  plants  for  byproduct  coal  distillation  because 
of  its  special  needs.  However  for  the  dyestuff  manufacture  we  go 
from  the  coal-tar  crudes  to  the  "  intermediates."  Some  of  these 
require  very  special  apparatus  for  their  manufacture  and  it  was 
these  that  had  not  been  made  in  this  country  prior  to  1914.  Our 
chemical  apparatus  manufacturers  (several  of  whom  are  very  well 
represented  in  this  exposition)  responded  to  the  call  for  this  appa- 
ratus and  gradually  these  important  products  mostly  new  to  Amer- 
ican trade  were  supplied.  The  tariff  census  of  1917  states  that  the 
production  of  intermediates  for  that  year  was  contributed  to  by  117 
firms  and  that  the  production  amounted  to  322,650,531  lbs.  valued  at 
$106,942,918.  These  figures,  however,  involve  considerable  duplica- 
tions because  of  the  use  of  some  as  starting-point  in  making  others. 
That  the  amounts  of  many  are  very  large  is,  however,  shown  by  the 
statement  published  by  the  National  Aniline  and  Chemical  Co.  that 
their  Marcus  Hook  works  has  a  producing  capacity  of  aniline  oil 
five  times  as  great  as  the  total  consumption  in  this  country  prior  to 
