46 
HISTORY OF PHARMACY. 
thinks, either by the idleness or opulence of the physicians, 
who abandoned to subordinates a part of their duties, or else 
the continual branching off from the expanse of the know- 
ledge relating to medicine, shewed the necessity of separat- 
ing them in order to render the study easier, and its applica- 
tion more profitable. Celsius has saved to us some curious 
documents, * from which we shall extract that which particu- 
larly concerns the attributes of pharmaceutists. 
The practice of medicine was divided into three branches. 
The first treated chiefly of diseases by diet ; this was Diet- 
etics: the second by the use of medicines, which they called 
Pharmacy : and the third consisted of operations by hand, 
which was Surgery. 
It may be conceived, nevertheless, that these three 
branches were not separated in such a way that the one 
should never encroach upon the dominion of the other. It 
is evident that dietetics would frequently call to its aid the 
two other professions. Surgery, however, took up solely 
with that which required a manual operation. It could not 
even treat sores, ulcers, and tumors, which called for the ap- 
plication of medicines. 
It was reserved for the Pharmaciens to treat these kinds 
of affections, except where they were obliged to have re- 
course to the knife or fire, in which case only was the sur- 
geon called. Previous to the division of the medical pro- 
fessions the duties of the whole were fulfilled in the one. 
There w 7 ere, however, two classes of physicians ; the most 
learned, and consequently the most esteemed, went by the 
name of architectes, Ap%n?£XT!ovtxoi, and gave the orders and 
advice which the others executed. 
These latter were the ?nanceuvres, %u(n>pyot, and were 
those who practised both surgery and pharmacy. The word 
vulnerarius applies as well to one as the other. 
Those who exercised pharmacy, or the medicine of 
* De Re Medica. 
